Foot Flashcards
1
Q
What is the area where the laminae intermesh?
A
White line
2
Q
What is the elastic, wedge shaped mass located between the bars of the foot?
A
Frog
3
Q
What term applies to the hoof wall & all of the structures in contains?
A
Foot
4
Q
Where is the hoof wall the thinnest?
A
Quarters
5
Q
Which part of the horse’s hoof wall is the thickest?
A
At the toe
6
Q
The outer surface of the hoof wall is covered by what?
A
Periople and stratum tectorium
7
Q
When looking at the bottom of the horse’s foot, what section of the wall is between the toe & the heel?
A
Quarter
8
Q
Name 3 factors that can interfere with normal frog pressure.
A
Leaving hoof wall too long, leaving toe too long, trimming too much off bars, trimming away too much of the frog
9
Q
What serves as a brace structure to prevent overexpansion of the hoof wall?
A
Bars
10
Q
Give 3 reasons for shoeing a horse
A
Reduce excessive wear, alleviate stress from injured hoof, aids in correcting action defect, increase traction on specific terrain, prevent hoof from breaking, increase circulation, correct mild conformation faults
11
Q
What can happen if the last nail hole in the front shoe is placed behind the widest part of the foot?
A
Expansion if the heels will be inhibited
12
Q
Name the horseshoe that has an approximately one-quarter inch extension at the outside of the heel, used to correct a cow hocked condition.
A
Horseshoe with a trailer
13
Q
What extends below the coronary band for approximately 3/4 of an inch except at the heels, where it covers the bulbs & blends in with the frog?
A
Periople
14
Q
What is the waxy substance that extends from the bottom of the hoof wall to the periople?
A
Stratum tectorium
15
Q
Name the structure found in the horse’s foot that is responsible for absorbing the shock of its stride.
A
Frog
16
Q
How thick is the sole of the hoof?
A
Varies from 3/8 inch at the toe to 1/4 inch at the heel area
17
Q
What covers the bottom of the third phalanx & is responsible for growth of the sole?
A
Sensitive sole or sole corium
18
Q
Periople extends below the coronary band for approximately 3/4 of an inch except where?
A
At the heels where it covers the bulb and blends into the frog
19
Q
What is the fibro-elastic, fatty cushion that acts as a shock absorber for the foot?
A
Digital cushion
20
Q
How many sesamoid bones are in each foot of the horse?
A
3 (1 distal & 2 proximal)
21
Q
Which bone resembles a small hoof, is very porous, blood vessels pass into & out of the pores & it is located in the hoof?
A
Coffin bone (pedal bone, third phalanx)
22
Q
What attaches the coffin bone to the hoof wall?
A
Sensitive Laminae
23
Q
Name 2 differences in the appearance of the hind feet when compared to the front feet.
A
Hind foot is more pointed at the toe and is more concaved
24
Q
What is the periople & what is its function?
A
Narrow band above the hoof wall encircling the coronary band, Function-produces a waxy substance that maintains moisture in the horse’s hoof wall
25
Explain why the words "foot" & "hoof" do not mean the same thing.
Foot refers to all of the internal structures of the foot, Hoof refers only to the outer wall, sole & frog
26
What is the function of the bars in the horse's feet?
Help support the horses foot and keep it open at the heels
27
The bottom surface of the frog is marked by a depression called what?
Central Sulcus or cleft
28
What conformation defect would you be attempting to correct by trimming the inner half of the horse's hoof short & leaving the outer half relatively longer?
Pigeon toed
29
Name 3 problems that can be caused by shoes that are left on too long.
Angle of foot can change enough to affect the gaits, long toes retard the breaking over of the hoof, strain on the deep flexor tendon which may lead to bowed tendons, forging, overreaching
30
What common foot fault would be corrected by lowering the heels & allowing the frog to carry more of the weight?
Contracted heels
31
Name 4 internal structures found in the foot.
Insensitive laminae, sensitive laminae, coffin bone (3rd phalanx), navicular bone
32
Name the 5 coriums found in the horse's foot.
Perioplic corium, coronary corium, laminar corium, sole corium, frog corium
33
Name 5 things that would indicate a healthy hoof.
Firm, slightly pliable, intact frog, no thrush or discharge, firm, thick sole with no excessive give to thumb pressure, uniform thickness & free of discoloration of white line, no fever rings or heat in shiny hoof wall, pulse rate the same in both feet
34
Name 4 things that induce a higher rate of hoof growth.
Warm temperature, irritation or injury to sensitive structures, increased exercise or wear, optimum level of feed intake, high heart rate, age of animal (younger grows faster), stimulation of sensitive structures by massage, counter-irritants or blisters
35
What percent of the frog is water?
50%
36
Most of the weight of the horse is supported on what portion of the hoof?
Hoof wall
37
What percent of the hoof wall is water?
25%
38
What percent of the sole of the hoof is water?
33%
39
What part of the hoof corresponds to the human cuticle?
Periople
40
Name 4 parts of the foot other than the hoof.
Underlying corium (dermis), skin between the bulbs of the heels, digital cushion, distal phalanx & its cartilages, distal end of the 2nd phalanx, navicular bone, coffin joint, ligaments, tendons, vessels & nerves
41
What is the function of the frog corium?
Provides nourishment to the frog in the horses foot
42
What substance is considered nature's hoof conditioner?
Water
43
Name 4 factors that will influence hooves to grow faster.
Warm weather, age (younger horse feet grow faster), irritation or injury to sensitive structures of the hoof, increased exercise & good nutrition
44
What is the proper way to use a hoof pick?
Pick should be run from the heels towards the toe
45
What are protective pieces (usually made of metal) fastened to the bottom of a horse's hooves that protect the wall?
Shoes
46
What size horse shoe would usually fit an average sized horse?
Number 1 shoe
47
What is the average weight of a race horse shoe?
About 6-10 ounces
48
What is the average weight of a saddle horse shoe?
About 12 to 14 ounces
49
What is the average rate of hoof wall growth per month & how often to mature horses need their hooves trimmed?
1/4 to 1/2 inch per month, making shoeing or trimming necessary every 6 - 8 weeks
50
Horses that are base-narrow & toe in or toe out will have uneven wear of the hoof wall. Which part of the wall will wear down faster?
Outside wall is worn down at a faster rate than the inside wall
51
What are the 3 most common horse shoe nail sizes?
4, 5&6
52
What is it called when a farrier removes flares on the hoof wall?
Dressing or shaping the hoof
53
What piece of equipment is used to remove dead sole from the hard, dry hooves?
Sole knife
54
What piece of equipment is used to pare away the dead sole from the hoof, remove ragged parts from the frog, relieve pressure on corns & cracks & to remove foreign bodies from the foot?
Hoof knife
55
What piece of equipment is used to shape & make shoes?
Rounding or turning hammer
56
What are outward distortions on the hoof wall called?
Flares or wings
57
What piece of equipment is used to draw down the clinches?
Clinchers (clinching tongs)
58
What piece of equipment is used to hold hot shoes while shaping although they can also be used to hold cold shoes?
Fire tongs
59
What term describes one who trims & applies shoes to the horse's hooves?
Farrier
60
What piece of equipment is designed for easy removal of driven nails from creased or fullered shoes & can also be used to pull nails from pads on show horses?
Crease nail puller
61
What piece of equipment is used to cut off clinches, turned-over or wrung off nails to an equal length?
Nail cutters (nail nippers)
62
Name 2 general types of clinchers used by farriers.
Saddle horse clinchers, gooseneck clinchers, draft horse clinchers
63
What piece of equipment is used to open the nail holes on the shoe to receive the horse shoeing nail?
Pritchel
64
What piece of equipment consists of 2 parts: the blade & the point, & is used to set or raise the clinches & to punch nail holes & broken stubs out of the hoof?
Clinch cutter
65
What piece of equipment is designed to protect the horseshoer's legs from unfinished driven nails & hoof cutting tools that may slip while in use?
Horse shoeing apron
66
What piece of equipment is used to drive horse shoe nails & to turn over or wring off nails after they have been driven to the proper height?
Driving hammer
67
What piece of equipment is sometimes called the shoeing hammer?
Driving hammer
68
How can pinchers or pull offs be easily distinguished from nippers at a glance?
Pinchers have knobs on the ends of the handles
69
What piece of equipment is used to remove shoes, nail stubs & improperly driven nails?
Pull offs or pinchers
70
What piece of equipment is used to determine the exact hoof angle & toe length so the corresponding pair of feet can be trimmed the same length & angle?
Hoof gauge (divider or rule)
71
What is the average weight of a draft horse shoe?
About 16 ounces
72
What piece of equipment is used to remove the surplus growth of the wall?
Hoof nippers
73
What piece of equipment is used to make a level bearing surface after the hoof has been trimmed & to dress a distorted or flaring foot?
Rasp
74
What kind of shoe is used to support a horse with a navicular problem?
Bar shoe --pressure off of the horse's heel
75
What is a pritchel used for?
To open nail holes in a horse shoe
76
What is another name for a machine-made horseshoe?
Keg shoe
77
What type of balance of the hoof take into account the horse's conformation & its prime consideration that will provide for the need of most breeds?
Geometric or static
78
What type of balance of the hoof deals with the alteration of foot movement & involves corrective shoeing?
Functional or dynamic balance
79
The functional balance of the horse's hoof has 3 dimensions around the X, Y & Z axes. Horseman refer to these characteristics as what?
X=foot fall, Y=lateral swing, & Z=animation
80
What term is defined as equal weight distribution around the center of gravity of the horse's limb as it relates to horse shoeing?
Balance
81
Name 3 reasons why horse shoes may be necessary.
Protect horse's foot, provide traction, correct or influence the stance, correct or improve abnormal & pathological conditions
82
Describe how to correctly pick up the left front hoof.
Run right hand down front leg starting at the shoulder, at the cannon bone-lean into horse with your shoulder, ask horse to pick up the hoof, cradle the front of the hoof in your hand
83
What piece of equipment is used to determine the location of a painful area in the foot of a lame horse?
Hoof tester
84
The checked pattern or trademark on a beveled head of the horse shoe nail should be facing where when nailed to the hoof?
Facing the center of the foot
85
When a horse has its shoes reset, the new nail holes should be how much higher than the older nail holes?
At least 3/8 of an inch
86
Name 5 factors that influence the size of the horse shoe.
Length of shoe heels, position of the heel nail hole, web or width of shoe, weight or thickness of the shoe, nail hole size, nail hole
87
What is a degenerative condition of the frog?
Thrush
88
What is a destruction of the frog by anaerobic bacteria & Usually has a foul smell & black discharge?
Thrush
89
What is the condition where the frog is narrow & shrunken & the heels of the foot are pulled together?
Contracted heels
90
What is a therapeutic shoe in which the heels are joined by a bar, allowing greater pressure on the bar & frog of the foot?
Bar shoe
91
What is thrush?
Degenerative condition of the frog: black discharge & offensive odor are signs of thrush & frog may be eroded & lameness may occur in some cases
92
What is the major cause of corns?
Leaving a short heeled shoe on too long
93
What is the difference between corns & bruises on the sole of the horse's foot?
Corns-caused by constant, repeated pressure to one area, bruises-caused by single traumatic blow to some part of horse's foot
94
Name 6 unsoundnesses of the horse's front feet.
Contracted heels, corns, navicular disease, laminitis (founder), quarter crack, scratches, sidebones, quittor, thrush
95
What term describes a horse whose front toes point outward?
Splay footed
96
What term refers to a pastern that has too much slope?
Coon footed
97
What term describes the throwing of the front feet inward while in flight & what conformation problem is it associated with?
Dishing or winging. Associated with toed-out or splayfooted
98
Horses that toe out will move with what type of arc?
Inward arch
99
Describe a horse that is base narrow.
Front legs & hind legs too close together
100
What term describes when the horses front feet are wider at the ground than at their origin at the chest?
Base wide
101
A splayfooted conformation usually will cause what gait abnormality?
Winging
102
Describe what parts of the horse interfere when a horse forges.
Toe of the hind foot hits the sole or shoe of the forefoot on the same side
103
In reference to the way of going, Winging occurs in horses with what conformation defect?
Base wide or toed-out feet
104
A pigeon-toed horse exhibits a deviation of its foot in flight, what is this action called?
Paddling
105
What area of the hoof carries more weight on a horse that is base narrow?
Outside of the hoof
106
What area of the hoof carries more weight on a horse that is base wide?
Inside of the hoof
107
What term refers to a horse that stands closer at the ground than at the origin of the legs in the chest?
Base narrow
108
What term is used to indicate a horse that stands wider at the ground than at the origin of the legs in the chest?
Base wide
109
Horses that stand base narrow, are predisposed to extra weight being placed on what part of the hoof?
Outside of hoof
110
Horses that stand base wide, are predisposed to extra weight being placed on what part of the hoof?
Inside of the hoof
111
How much will the angle of the front feet differ from the angle of the hind feet?
Hind feet are 2 - 3 degrees greater
112
Name 5 common conformation faults of horses that can be corrected by trimming its hooves.
Splayfooted, pigeon toed, cocked ankles, quarter crack, contracted heels,
113
Name 3 interferences that occur when one front leg strikes the opposite front leg.
Ankle hitting, shin hitting, knee hitting, forearm hitting
114
Give 5 types of undesirable characteristics of a horse's front legs when viewed from the front.
Bow legged, base narrow, base wide, knock kneed, pigeon toes, splayfooted, offset knee (bench knee)
115
What is used to clean out dirt & debris from the hoof?
Hoof pick
116
What is the most common type of pre-sized horse shoe?
Keg shoe
117
What part of the hoof wall grows at the fastest rate?
Toe
118
What part of the hoof bears most of the weight of the horse?
Hoof wall
119
How much is a healthy hoof expected to grow per month?
1/8" to 1/2" per month
120
What farrier tool is used to level the bearing surface of the foot & finish the clinches?
Yang rasp
121
Which horse shoe is larger #0 or #3?
#3 is larger (larger the number, the larger the shoe)
122
What substance is harder than any other substance except diamonds & is used to double or triple the life of a shoe?
Borium
123
Name 3 types of pads used when shoeing a horse.
Leather, plastic, hospital plate, combination of leather & plastic
124
What farrier's tool is used to level the hoof wall after it has been trimmed with the nippers?
Q: What is another name for the farrier's tool called pull-offs?
A: Pinchers
Q: What is the substance that is sometimes welded to the bottom of horse shoes to increase traction?
A: Borium
Q: What can be used on a race horse's shoes to help prevent the track surface from burning the ergot area?
A: Block (causes the feet to break over faster)
Q: What type of hammer is used for making & shaping shoes?
A: Rounding hammer
Q: What type of shoe is used to elevate the heels of a horse that is confined to stall rest?
A: Patten shoe
Q: Name the horseshoe that has a one-quarter inch extension at the outside of the heel, used to correct a cow-hocked condition.
A: Horseshoe with a trailer
Q: What trimming procedure would you use to correct a splay footed horse?
A: Trim the outer half of the hoof lower than the inside
Q: Name 2 ways to correct defects in the way of going.
A: Corrective trimming & corrective shoeing
Q: What type of shoe allows a horse that is used in barrel racing to pivot on the shoe & maintain a toe grip regardless of where the foot breaks over?
A: Polo shoe
Q: In keg shoes, what is the difference between a cold & hot shoe?
A: Cold shoe - are finished (holes punched & heels cut) Hot shoe - are unfinished (need holes punched & heels cut or added special structures)
Q: Define balance as it applies to horse shoeing.
A: Equal weight distribution around the center of gravity of the horse's limb
Q: Excess dead sole is removed by what instrument?
A: Hoof knife
Q: What is the name of the sharp bevelled headed horse shoe nail used to increase traction on icy surfaces?
A: Frosthead
Q: What can be used on a race horse's shoes to help prevent the track surface from burning the ergot area?
A: Blocks (cause the feet to break over faster)
Q: What is the range of sizes of horse shoe nails?
A: 2 1/2 to 12
Q: Name the part of the horse shoe nail that is bent over adjacent to the hoof wall & set with the driving hammer.
A: Clinch
Q: What type of horse shoe is most commonly used?
A: Keg shoes
Q: What are pre-sized horse shoes that are often fitted cold?
A: Keg shoes
Q: What is the fullering on a horse shoe?
A: Groove where nail holes are found
Q: What is the purpose of toe & heel clips on shoes?
A: To hold the shoe in place & keep it on
Q: What farrier tool is used to remove excess hoof wall?
A: Cutting nippers
Q: Name the horse shoer's tool that is used to widen the nail holes in the horse shoe.
A: Pritchel
Q: What does a farrier put on horse shoes to help hold the shoe more securely to the horse's hoof?
A: Clips
Q: What piece of a blacksmith's equipment is known as his work bench?
A: Anvil
Q: of the extra light keg shoes, what is the difference between a cold & hot shoe?
A: Cold shoe -- are finished (holes are punches & heels are cut) Hot shoe - are unfinished (need holes punched & heels cut or add special structures)
Q: Why is borium used on horse shoes?
A: Increases life of shoe, provides better grip on ice, pavement or dry grass
Q: What are 2 functions of the heartbar shoe?
A: Prevents further rotation of the coffin bone, re-establishes normal laminae relationship, supports the back of the hoof
Q: Name the farrier's tool used to cut hot metals.
A: Hardy
Rasp
125
What is the name of the sharp bevelled headed horse shoe nail used to increase traction on icy surfaces?
Frost head
126
Name the horseshoer's tool that is used to widen the nail holes in a horse shoe.
Pritchel
127
Name the blacksmith's tool used to cut hot metals.
Hardy
128
Define balance as it applies to horse shoeing.
Equal weight distribution around the center of gravity of the horse's limb
129
What makes a polo shoe different from a regular cowboy shoe?
Inside web of the polo shoe is raised above or higher than the outside
130
What can happen if the last nail hole in the front shoe is placed behind the widest part of the foot?
Expansion of heels will be inhibited
131
What common foot fault would be corrected by lowering the heels & allowing the frog to carry more of the weight?
Contracted heels
132
What trimming procedure would you use to correct a splay footed horse?
Trim outer half of hoof lower that inside
133
Name 3 types of horseshoe nails.
City, regular & frosthead
134
What determines the size of a shoe to be used on a horse?
Size of hoof, position of nail holes, length of heels of shoe
