Foodborne illnesses Flashcards by Natalia Salamé-Córdova

What are the different types of microorganisms that can be pathogens?

Bacteria
Virus
Parasites
Algae
Fungi

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What is the difference between intoxication and infection?

Intoxication: toxin in food
Infection: microorganism in food

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What does YOPI stand for?

Young
Old
Pregnant
Immuno-compromised

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What are respiratory and enteric pathogens?

Respiratory: airborne
Enteric: oral

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What are different transmission routes

Direct (host to host) or indirect (vector/fomites/water/food)

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Where is the typical reservoir of pathogens in animals?

Gut

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What is a way to prevent environmental transmission?

Using clean water, not reusing waste water and purifying it

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What are vectors? and what are some examples?

Agents that carry and transmit infectious pathogen to another living organism or food
Examples: mice and insects

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What are some foodborne routes of transmission in animal production?

Bio industry: close contact
Cross contamination of feces and equipment in slaughter
Cross contamination in retail

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True or false: MAP and vacuum packaging prevent growth?

False

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Is the intoxication from staphylococcus aureus heat stable?

Yes

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What is the main product that staphylococcus aureus is found in?

Milk (protein rich and limited competition)

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Is the initial contamination level of staphylococcus aureus enough to cause intoxication?

No it needs additional growth

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What type of work in factories leads to staphylococcus aureus in food?

Manual work

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What do bacteria and fungi use spores for?

Bacteria: survival
Fungi: survival and reproduction

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When are bacterial spores formed?

Stress response due to nutrient limitation

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What is a dormant structure?

Without metabolic activity

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What are spores resistant to?

Wet and dry heat
UV and gamma radiation
Dessication
Oxidative chemicals

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What is germination?

Spore to vegetative cells

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What is outgrowth?

Reproduction of vegetative cells

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What are problems with spores?

Ubiquitous
Survival during mild processing
Germination and growth during storage

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What is the morphology of Salmonella, is it gram - or +?

Gram negative rod

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What is the morphology of Campylobacter, is it gram - or +?

Gram negative spiral

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What is the morphology of St. aureus, is it gram - or +?

Gram positive coccus

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What is the morphology of L. mono, is it gram - or +?

Gram positive rod

What is the morphology of B. cereus, is it gram - or +?

Gram positive rod and sporeformer

What is the morphology of Clostridium perf, is it gram - or +?

Spore former gram positive rod

What is the morphology of Clostridium botulinum, is it gram - or +?

Sporeformer gram positive rod

What is the morphology of E coli, is it gram - or +?

Gram negative rod

What are typical sources of salmonella?

Poultry, pigs, environment

What are typical sources of Campylobacter?

Poultry, raw milk, water

What are typical sources of st. aureus?

Skin of animals, manually processed foods

What are typical sources of Listeria monocytogenes?

Environment, unpasteurized dairy, smoked salmon, cooked meat products

What are typical sources of Bacillus cereus?

Cereals, badly cooled rice, environment, carb rich products

What are typical sources of Clostridium perfringens?

Meats, spices, herbs, feces

What are typical sources of Clostridium botulinum?

Soil, vegetables, honey

What are typical sources of E coli?

Cow feces, raw beef milk, vegetables (through contaminated water or improper worker hygiene)

What are the associated symptoms of salmonella?

Abdominal pain nausea diarrhea reactive arthritis

What are the associated symptoms of Campylobacter?

Bloody diarrhea belly cramps fever reactive arthritis/paralysis

What are the associated symptoms of st. aureus?

Vomiting nausea

What are the associated symptoms of Listeria monocytogenes?

Mild: gastroenteritis Severe: stillbirth, septicemia, meningitis

What are the associated symptoms of Bacillus cereus?

Vomiting similar to staphylococcus Diarrhea similar to clostridium perfringens

What are the associated symptoms of Clostridium perfringens?

type a: Diarrhea nausea bloating type b: rarely severe diarrhea enteritis

What are the associated symptoms of Clostridium botulinum?

Vomiting nausea muscular pain double vision death

What are the associated symptoms of E coli?

Depending on strain: Watery/traveler's/dysentery-like/persistent/bloody diarrhea In children and elderly: Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (acute renal failure)

What is the incubation time and duration of salmonella?

IT: 1-2 days D: 3-7 days

What is the incubation time and duration of Campylobacter?

IT:1-7 days D: up to 1 week

What is the incubation time and duration of st. aureus?

IT: 0.5-6h D: 1-2 daus

What is the incubation time and duration of Listeria monocytogenes?

IT:4-48 h moderate cases 3h-3months severe cases

What is the incubation time and duration of Bacillus cereus?

IT: 0.5-5h or 6-18h

What is the incubation time and duration of clostridium perfringens?

IT:8-24hours D:1-2 days

What is the incubation time and duration of clostridium botulinum?

IT:12-48 hours D: 1-8 days

What is the incubation time and duration of E coli?

IT: 2-3 days

What is the mycotoxin of Claviceps purpurea?

Ergot alkaloids

What is the mycotoxin of Aspergillus?

Aflatoxin

What is the mycotoxin of Fusarium?

T2 toxins

What is the mycotoxin of F. moniliforme?

Zearalenone

What is the mycotoxin of Penicilium?

Ochratoxin

What is the main source of Ergot alkaloids?

Cereal grains

What is the main source of Aflatoxin?

Oil seeds, milk, grains, figs, peanuts

What is the main source of T2 toxins?

Potatoes, maize, grass

What is the main source of Zearalenone?

Maize, hay, feed

What is the main source of Ochratoxin?

Maize, coffee, cocoa, soya, wine, beer, grape juice, dried fruits

What are the associated symptoms of ergot alkaloids?

Ergotism, gangrenous and convulsive effects

What are the associated symptoms of aflatoxin?

Aflatoxicosis, liver cancer, hepatitis B

What are the associated symptoms of T2 toxins?

Pellagra, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, skin inflamation

What are the associated symptoms of Zearalenone?

Breast and cervical cancer

What are the associated symptoms of Ochratoxin?

Nephrotoxicosis, kidney cancer

How is norovirus transmitted?

Fecal-oral, foods with little heat treatment

How is Hepatitis A transmitted?

Fecal-oral, foods with little heat treatment

What is the incubation time and duration of norovirus?

IT:15-50h D:24-48h

What is the incubation time and duration of hepatitis A?

IT: 2-6 weeks D: 8 weeks

What are the symptoms of norovirus?

Gastroenteritis vomiting diarrhea

What are the symptoms of hepatitis A?

Anorexia Fever Malaise Nausea Vomiting Liver damage Dark urine Jaundice

Is vaccination possible for Norovirus and Hepatitis A?

Not possible for norovirus, too much genetic variation Possible for hepatitis A

What are the hosts of taenia (cow/pig tapeworm)?

Cows Pigs Man

What are the hosts of Trichinella spiralis?

Pigs Rats Man

What are the hosts of Echinococcus multilocularis (fox tapeworm)?

Foxes man

What are the hosts of anisakis (herring worm)?

Herrings

What is the reproduction method for cow tapeworm?

Larvae in food

What is the reproduction method for thrichinella spiralis?

Cysts in muscle tissue

What is the reproduction method for fox tapeworm?

Alveolar cysts

What is the reproduction method for herring worm?

Larvae in food

What are the symptoms of cow tapeworm?

Can be none nausea cramps weight loss anemia

What are the symptoms of Trichinella spiralis?

In intestines: abdominal pain nausea diarrhea in muscles: muscle pain, fever

What are the symptoms of fox tapeworm?

Chest pain vomiting nausea

What are the symptoms of herring worm?

Abdominal pain nausea vomiting

How is fruit contaminated with fox tapeworm?

Through fox feces

What heat treatment is effective against herring worm?

Freezing

What are the sources of Giardia lamblia?

Water, fruit, vegetables, people

What are the sources of Entamoeba histolytica?

water people

What are the sources of Cryptosporidium parvum?

Water Food People

What are the sources of Toxoplasma gondii?

Meat Cat feces

How is giardia lamblia transmitted?

Cysts in water, trophozites released in stomach

How is entamoeba histolytica transmitted?

Cysts in water

How is cryptosporidium parvum transmitted?

Oocysts in water

How is Toxoplasma gondii transmitted?

Oocysts and tissue cysts from proximity to cat feces

What are the symptoms of giardia lamblia?

Diarrhea abdominal pain nausea

What are the symptoms of entamoeba histolytica?

Amoebic dysentery amoebic liver abscess

What are the symptoms of Cryptosporidium parvum?

Diarrhea

What are the symptoms of toxoplasma gondii?

Spontaneous abortion eye defects brain defects changes in behavior

What are the types and symptoms of shellfish poisoning?

Paralytic shellfish poisoning: blocks nerve impulses-> paralysis and high mortality Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning: numbness, tingles, GI complaints Diarrheic shellfish poisoning: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain Amnesic shellfish poisoning: diarrhea, GI complaints, brain cell degradation