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Food Microbiology > Foodborne illnesses > Flashcards

Foodborne illnesses Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different types of microorganisms that can be pathogens?

A

Bacteria
Virus
Parasites
Algae
Fungi

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2
Q

What is the difference between intoxication and infection?

A

Intoxication: toxin in food
Infection: microorganism in food

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3
Q

What does YOPI stand for?

A

Young
Old
Pregnant
Immuno-compromised

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4
Q

What are respiratory and enteric pathogens?

A

Respiratory: airborne
Enteric: oral

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5
Q

What are different transmission routes

A

Direct (host to host) or indirect (vector/fomites/water/food)

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6
Q

Where is the typical reservoir of pathogens in animals?

A

Gut

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7
Q

What is a way to prevent environmental transmission?

A

Using clean water, not reusing waste water and purifying it

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8
Q

What are vectors? and what are some examples?

A

Agents that carry and transmit infectious pathogen to another living organism or food
Examples: mice and insects

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9
Q

What are some foodborne routes of transmission in animal production?

A

Bio industry: close contact
Cross contamination of feces and equipment in slaughter
Cross contamination in retail

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10
Q

True or false: MAP and vacuum packaging prevent growth?

A

False

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11
Q

Is the intoxication from staphylococcus aureus heat stable?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What is the main product that staphylococcus aureus is found in?

A

Milk (protein rich and limited competition)

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13
Q

Is the initial contamination level of staphylococcus aureus enough to cause intoxication?

A

No it needs additional growth

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14
Q

What type of work in factories leads to staphylococcus aureus in food?

A

Manual work

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14
Q

What do bacteria and fungi use spores for?

A

Bacteria: survival
Fungi: survival and reproduction

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15
Q

When are bacterial spores formed?

A

Stress response due to nutrient limitation

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16
Q

What is a dormant structure?

A

Without metabolic activity

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17
Q

What are spores resistant to?

A

Wet and dry heat
UV and gamma radiation
Dessication
Oxidative chemicals

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18
Q

What is germination?

A

Spore to vegetative cells

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19
Q

What is outgrowth?

A

Reproduction of vegetative cells

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20
Q

What are problems with spores?

A

Ubiquitous
Survival during mild processing
Germination and growth during storage

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21
Q

What is the morphology of Salmonella, is it gram - or +?

A

Gram negative rod

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22
Q

What is the morphology of Campylobacter, is it gram - or +?

A

Gram negative spiral

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23
Q

What is the morphology of St. aureus, is it gram - or +?

A

Gram positive coccus

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24
Q

What is the morphology of L. mono, is it gram - or +?

A

Gram positive rod

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25
Q

What is the morphology of B. cereus, is it gram - or +?

A

Gram positive rod and sporeformer

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26
Q

What is the morphology of Clostridium perf, is it gram - or +?

A

Spore former gram positive rod

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27
Q

What is the morphology of Clostridium botulinum, is it gram - or +?

A

Sporeformer gram positive rod

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28
Q

What is the morphology of E coli, is it gram - or +?

A

Gram negative rod

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29
Q

What are typical sources of salmonella?

A

Poultry, pigs, environment

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30
Q

What are typical sources of Campylobacter?

A

Poultry, raw milk, water

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31
Q

What are typical sources of st. aureus?

A

Skin of animals, manually processed foods

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32
Q

What are typical sources of Listeria monocytogenes?

A

Environment, unpasteurized dairy, smoked salmon, cooked meat products

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33
Q

What are typical sources of Bacillus cereus?

A

Cereals, badly cooled rice, environment, carb rich products

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34
Q

What are typical sources of Clostridium perfringens?

A

Meats, spices, herbs, feces

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35
Q

What are typical sources of Clostridium botulinum?

A

Soil, vegetables, honey

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36
Q

What are typical sources of E coli?

A

Cow feces, raw beef milk, vegetables (through contaminated water or improper worker hygiene)

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37
Q

What are the associated symptoms of salmonella?

A

Abdominal pain
nausea
diarrhea
reactive arthritis

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38
Q

What are the associated symptoms of Campylobacter?

A

Bloody diarrhea
belly cramps
fever
reactive arthritis/paralysis

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39
Q

What are the associated symptoms of st. aureus?

A

Vomiting
nausea

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40
Q

What are the associated symptoms of Listeria monocytogenes?

A

Mild: gastroenteritis
Severe: stillbirth, septicemia, meningitis

41
Q

What are the associated symptoms of Bacillus cereus?

A

Vomiting similar to staphylococcus
Diarrhea similar to clostridium perfringens

42
Q

What are the associated symptoms of Clostridium perfringens?

A

type a:
Diarrhea
nausea
bloating
type b:
rarely severe diarrhea
enteritis

43
Q

What are the associated symptoms of Clostridium botulinum?

A

Vomiting
nausea
muscular pain
double vision
death

44
Q

What are the associated symptoms of E coli?

A

Depending on strain: Watery/traveler’s/dysentery-like/persistent/bloody diarrhea
In children and elderly: Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (acute renal failure)

45
Q

What is the incubation time and duration of salmonella?

A

IT: 1-2 days
D: 3-7 days

46
Q

What is the incubation time and duration of Campylobacter?

A

IT:1-7 days
D: up to 1 week

47
Q

What is the incubation time and duration of st. aureus?

A

IT: 0.5-6h
D: 1-2 daus

48
Q

What is the incubation time and duration of Listeria monocytogenes?

A

IT:4-48 h moderate cases
3h-3months severe cases

49
Q

What is the incubation time and duration of Bacillus cereus?

A

IT: 0.5-5h or 6-18h

50
Q

What is the incubation time and duration of clostridium perfringens?

A

IT:8-24hours
D:1-2 days

51
Q

What is the incubation time and duration of clostridium botulinum?

A

IT:12-48 hours
D: 1-8 days

52
Q

What is the incubation time and duration of E coli?

A

IT: 2-3 days

53
Q

What is the mycotoxin of Claviceps purpurea?

A

Ergot alkaloids

54
Q

What is the mycotoxin of Aspergillus?

A

Aflatoxin

55
Q

What is the mycotoxin of Fusarium?

A

T2 toxins

56
Q

What is the mycotoxin of F. moniliforme?

A

Zearalenone

57
Q

What is the mycotoxin of Penicilium?

A

Ochratoxin

58
Q

What is the main source of Ergot alkaloids?

A

Cereal grains

59
Q

What is the main source of Aflatoxin?

A

Oil seeds, milk, grains, figs, peanuts

60
Q

What is the main source of T2 toxins?

A

Potatoes, maize, grass

61
Q

What is the main source of Zearalenone?

A

Maize, hay, feed

62
Q

What is the main source of Ochratoxin?

A

Maize, coffee, cocoa, soya, wine, beer, grape juice, dried fruits

63
Q

What are the associated symptoms of ergot alkaloids?

A

Ergotism, gangrenous and convulsive effects

64
Q

What are the associated symptoms of aflatoxin?

A

Aflatoxicosis, liver cancer, hepatitis B

65
Q

What are the associated symptoms of T2 toxins?

A

Pellagra, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, skin inflamation

66
Q

What are the associated symptoms of Zearalenone?

A

Breast and cervical cancer

67
Q

What are the associated symptoms of Ochratoxin?

A

Nephrotoxicosis, kidney cancer

68
Q

How is norovirus transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral, foods with little heat treatment

69
Q

How is Hepatitis A transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral, foods with little heat treatment

70
Q

What is the incubation time and duration of norovirus?

A

IT:15-50h
D:24-48h

71
Q

What is the incubation time and duration of hepatitis A?

A

IT: 2-6 weeks
D: 8 weeks

72
Q

What are the symptoms of norovirus?

A

Gastroenteritis
vomiting
diarrhea

73
Q

What are the symptoms of hepatitis A?

A

Anorexia
Fever
Malaise
Nausea
Vomiting
Liver damage
Dark urine
Jaundice

74
Q

Is vaccination possible for Norovirus and Hepatitis A?

A

Not possible for norovirus, too much genetic variation
Possible for hepatitis A

75
Q

What are the hosts of taenia (cow/pig tapeworm)?

A

Cows
Pigs
Man

76
Q

What are the hosts of Trichinella spiralis?

A

Pigs
Rats
Man

77
Q

What are the hosts of Echinococcus multilocularis (fox tapeworm)?

A

Foxes
man

78
Q

What are the hosts of anisakis (herring worm)?

A

Herrings

79
Q

What is the reproduction method for cow tapeworm?

A

Larvae in food

80
Q

What is the reproduction method for thrichinella spiralis?

A

Cysts in muscle tissue

81
Q

What is the reproduction method for fox tapeworm?

A

Alveolar cysts

82
Q

What is the reproduction method for herring worm?

A

Larvae in food

83
Q

What are the symptoms of cow tapeworm?

A

Can be none
nausea
cramps
weight loss
anemia

84
Q

What are the symptoms of Trichinella spiralis?

A

In intestines: abdominal pain
nausea
diarrhea
in muscles: muscle pain, fever

85
Q

What are the symptoms of fox tapeworm?

A

Chest pain
vomiting
nausea

86
Q

What are the symptoms of herring worm?

A

Abdominal pain
nausea
vomiting

87
Q

How is fruit contaminated with fox tapeworm?

A

Through fox feces

88
Q

What heat treatment is effective against herring worm?

A

Freezing

89
Q

What are the sources of Giardia lamblia?

A

Water, fruit, vegetables, people

90
Q

What are the sources of Entamoeba histolytica?

A

water
people

91
Q

What are the sources of Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

Water
Food
People

92
Q

What are the sources of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Meat
Cat feces

93
Q

How is giardia lamblia transmitted?

A

Cysts in water, trophozites released in stomach

94
Q

How is entamoeba histolytica transmitted?

A

Cysts in water

95
Q

How is cryptosporidium parvum transmitted?

A

Oocysts in water

96
Q

How is Toxoplasma gondii transmitted?

A

Oocysts and tissue cysts from proximity to cat feces

97
Q

What are the symptoms of giardia lamblia?

A

Diarrhea
abdominal pain
nausea

98
Q

What are the symptoms of entamoeba histolytica?

A

Amoebic dysentery
amoebic liver abscess

99
Q

What are the symptoms of Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

Diarrhea

100
Q

What are the symptoms of toxoplasma gondii?

A

Spontaneous abortion
eye defects
brain defects
changes in behavior

101
Q

What are the types and symptoms of shellfish poisoning?

A

Paralytic shellfish poisoning: blocks nerve impulses-> paralysis and high mortality
Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning: numbness, tingles, GI complaints
Diarrheic shellfish poisoning: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
Amnesic shellfish poisoning: diarrhea, GI complaints, brain cell degradation

Food Microbiology (4 decks)

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