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Human Geography - Food Supply Issues > Food Supply issues > Flashcards

Food Supply issues Flashcards

1
Q

What is subsistence farming

A

When just enough food is grown to feed the family eg Africa and Asia

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2
Q

What is intensive farming

A

When you produce as much as possible from the land

May be capital intensive or labour intensive

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3
Q

What is extensive farming

A

Low capital and labour input
Produces less food
Over a large area with low yield

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4
Q

Arable farming

A

Crops

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5
Q

Pastoral farming

A

Animals.

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6
Q

Effects of globalisation on environment

A
  • Deforestation - land wanted for increasing area available for food production
  • bigger area farmed bigger impact
  • food exports and transportation - carbon dioxide released
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7
Q

What caused the change in demand of food
Eg seasonal products
High value exports from poorer countries

A

A rising culture of high consumption
Rising incomes in developed countries - affordable for people
Increasing popularity of exotic products

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8
Q

What are the negative effects of importing seasonal and high value foods

A
  • Food saftey and and agricultural health concerns
  • Importing increases food miles - pollution
  • Lower food security as less food is produced due to cheaper imports
  • Food shortages due to shortages of good quality land as best land is used to grow high value foods for exportation
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9
Q

Methods of increasing food production

A
  • The green revolution
  • Genetic modification
  • Land colonisation and land reform
  • Commercialisation
  • Appropriate technology solutions
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10
Q

What is commercialisation

A

The change from subsistence farming to commercial farming

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11
Q

What did the green revolution involve

Food production increased though….

A
  • Higher yielding crops
  • monoculture- 1 crop over large area
  • irrigation technology
  • fertalizers
  • pesticides
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12
Q

Disadvantages of the green revolution

A
  • costly inputs of fertilisers and pesticides lead some farmers into debt
  • high yielding varieties require more weed control
  • lower food security - monoculture crops can be wiped out by 1 pest
  • monoculture reduces biodiversity
  • over irrigation- low ground water levels, salinisation of soils and water
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13
Q

Ways in which crops can be genetically modified

A

Resistant to disease
Higher yielding
Longer lasting
Resistant to harsh environmental conditions eg drought/ frost

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14
Q

What is land colonisation

A

When humans move to an area of land that hasn’t been used before for agriculture
Eg they may drain marches and reclaim land from sea

Disadvantages - deforestation

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15
Q

What is land reform

A

When land is redistributed
It includes.
Breaking down large estates and giving land to landless people
Consolidation of small fragmented farms
Moving land into state ownership
Disadvantages- conflicts over who’s entitled to land

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16
Q

What were the surpluses of food called? Examples

A

Mountains and lakes

Eg cereals,butter wine

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17
Q

What is commercial farming

A

The production of crops or livestock to make a profit

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18
Q

Arguments in favour of GM

A
  • They could solve the worlds food shortages and reduce number of chemicals used in production of crops
  • large profits can be gained by farming GM crops
  • trials of gm soya and maize have done well in the USA and some has been imported to the UK and used as animal feed
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19
Q

Arguments against GM

A
  • health risks which have occurred from other agricultural innovations
  • The long term effect of the consumption of GM to humans still unknown
  • pollen from GM plants might pollinate nearby plants and crops spreading modification in an uncontrolled way.
  • in poorer countries GM crops may only be available to wealthier farmers
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20
Q

Examples of immediate technology

A

The donkey plough - Africa,Sudan,Ethiopia
Diguettes stone lines eg Burkina Faso
Intermediate technology pumps

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21
Q

What is the donkey plough

A

Suited to local conditions
Donkeys plough with soft harness, lightweight made of scrap metal
Most have donkeys so poor farmers can plough land and grow more crops to feed family on permanent basis.

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22
Q

Diguettes

A

Line of stones put along contours of gently sloping farmland
Slow down rainwater so allow ground to soak it up.
Prevents soil erosion and increases depth of soil so they can grow more crops

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23
Q

Intermediate technology pumps

A

Drilling tube wells for villages that don’t have access to clean water.
Doesn’t require expensive water supplies and maintenance done by local people .
Can help in dry season for rice farming
Spare parts cheap

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24
Q

What is the green revolution

A

Package of agricultural improvements that has helped transform agriculture in many LEDCs. It’s lead to increases in agricultural production and increasing food security.

25
Social successes of the green revolution
-Gave a reliable food supply ( food security)as yields increased
26
Economic successes of the green revolution
- Farmers had a larger income for some - HYV can grow more quickly so farmers can grow an extra crop per year - commercial farming possible - HYV s yields in wheat and rice tripled - there is more land under irrigation so farmers have a better harvest - countries such as India become major exporters of rice
27
Environmental successes of the green revolution
Less land is needed as forests saved from deforestation
28
Social limitations of the green revolution
- Many people say the nice rice doesn't taste very nice - Poorer farmers can't cannot afford the whole package so migrate and end in shanty towns - new crops vulnerable to pests/disease - farmers couldn't trust the scientist
29
Economic limitations of the green revolution
- Debt has increased for poorer farmers - HYVs are expensive and many couldn't afford new seeds so they have to borrow money - High inputs of fertilisers and pesticides are needed - expensive
30
Environmental limitations of the green revolution
- HYVs more susceptible to disease and pests - salinisation (salt in soil increased due to irrigation - increased use of fertilisers harms environment
31
Aims of environmental stewardship scheme
- conserve wildlife and biodiversity - maintain and enhance landscape quality and character - protect historic environment and natural resources - promote public access and understanding of the countryside - provide flood management - conserve genetic resources
32
What is the environmental stewardship scheme
Farmers are paid a subsidy to farm their land in line with conservation methods Conserve land, vegetation, wildlife,scenery Reduction in the intensity of farming - less fertilisers, pesticides
33
What is integrated crop management
System that helps farmers become environmentally friendly by involving practices that - reduce waste - minimise pollution - encourage crop rotation - appropriate cultivation techniques - maintenance of landscape
34
What are ghost acres
Ghost acres relate to those acres of land in poorer countries that are used for the production of export crops. They are “ghost” acres because for an often undernourished population in an LEDC the land is unavailable to produce food for that local population.provides food for the richer nations
35
Malnutrition
The lack of proper nutrition resulting from a poorly balanced diet
36
Undernutrition
Below the minimum level of dietary energy (calorie) consumption
37
What is geopolitics of food
The way geography, demography, economics and distribution of resources interrelate with the politics of nations and the relationships between nations. Some countries don't have enough food for their population and others produce too much. It includes free trade and food security
38
What does the world trade organisation do
- polices free trade agreements - settles disputes and organises trade negotiations. - Promotes free trade by persuading countries to get rid of tariffs and barriers
39
What is a transnational corporation (TNC)
Companies that operate in more than one country
40
Advantages of TNCS
- Lots of foods can be produced cheaply - The range of foods available is increased - They provide jobs and improve economic security in countries they operate - They invest in research and development that can increase farming yields
41
Disadvantages of TNCs
- They control the price of products such as seeds, fertalizers and machinery. If prices are too high some countries can't afford it - Smaller companies can't compete and go bankrupt so supplies become delocalised so less self sufficiency - Intensive farming methods can cause environmental problems - it can take a long time to process and transport food so reduce its nutritional value
42
Globalisation
The growing interdependence and interconnectedness of the modern world through increased flow of goods, services, capital, people and information
43
Horizontal integration
Small number of firms control a given market eg 3 countries control 90% of coffee production
44
Vertical integration
Where one company owns multiple stages of the food production chain
45
Food security
When all people at all times have access to sufficient safe and nutritious to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life,based on food availability,access and use
46
What are cash crops
Crops that are grown for export, they can take up land which could be used to produce domestic crops to increase food security
47
Domestic food supply
Production of crops or rearing of animals form food supply for local people, helps to increase food security
48
What is dumping
The sale of products that have been produced with subsidies and are then sold to another country at a a price that is cheaper than the cost of production there. This undercuts farmers in the receiving country
49
Carbon footprint
Measure of environmental impact
50
Food miles
Distance food travels from producer to consumer
51
Free trade
Trade without barriers and without paying tariffs
52
All year demand for seasonal food stuffs
Where countries such as the UK demand certain foods all year round but they can only be produced seasonally in the UK so they have to be imported usually from poorer countries
53
Sustainable food production
Production of food without harming ecosystems and farming communities 2 key issues -Biophysical - socioeconomic
54
What's biophysical
Long term effects of various practices on the soil and other aspects of the environment
55
What's socioeconomic
The long term ability of farmers to obtain inputs and manage resources such as labour
56
Locally sourced
Where food is produced sourced and marketed locally, some suggest producer must be located within 50km radius. It is interpreted differently by everyone some may say it has to be sustainable, others not
57
Direct marketing
Where farmer sells directly to consumer eg at farmers markets
58
Organic produce
Production of food without using agro-chemicals. Grown to specific standards and requires certification
59
Agricultural stewardship
Managing the farming environment in a responsible way to encourage sustainable food production practices

Human Geography - Food Supply Issues (2 decks)

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