Food Retail

Question 1

Fulfilment Centre vs Warehouse

Answer 1

A warehousing company that can help store large quantities of inventory over a long period of time, or a fulfilment company that can quickly ship orders out to your customers from their fulfilment centre(s).

Question 2

Define Fulfilment Centre

Answer 2

A fulfilment centre is a part of the supply chain and serves as the hub for all logistics processes needed to get a product from the seller to the customer. It handles the entire order fulfilment process, ranging from order picking and processing to packaging and shipping. A fulfillment center is a third-party logics (3PL) warehouse where incoming orders are received, processed and filled. To manage inventory with an outsourced fulfillment house, the vendor can either receive and review goods prior to shipping them to the fulfillment center or have them sent to the warehouse directly from the manufacturer.

Question 3

DC CENTRAL KITCHEN

Answer 3

DC Central Kitchen’s mission is to use food as a tool to strengthen bodies, empower minds, and build communities. Founded in 1989 DC Central Kitchen develops and operates social ventures targeting the cycle of hunger and poverty.

We fight hunger differently by training jobless adults for culinary careers and then employing more than 80 of our own graduates to prepare the 3 million meals we provide for homeless shelters, schools, and nonprofits each year. Our ventures also prevent the waste of millions of pounds of nutritious food, expand access to healthy, local options in urban food deserts, and scale our model nationally through strategic partnerships with colleges and universities.

Question 4

How do you define the food environments?

Answer 4

• various components which sit across the food production and consumption landscape. Commercial food outlets such as retail, catering and hospitality make up the largest share of food production.
• The retail food environment combines the physical proximity to food store locations, the distribution of food stores and markets at a community level, and consumer access to healthy affordable foods at food stores or markets

Question 5

Food access

Answer 5

Access to food consists of several components
- quantity (sufficient amounts of food)
- quality (nutritionally balanced food)
- safety (food that is devoid of harmful substances and can impact health),
- culturally acceptable and preferable foods (those that support traditional or preferred diets).

Therefore, access to food affects food choices.

Question 6

Food access 2

Answer 6

Food access in the local retail food environment is dependent:
- spatial proximity of food stores
- affordability
- cultural appropriateness - healthiness of foods

Question 7

Amazon and WholeFoods

Answer 7

Amazon bought Whole Foods in 2017 for $13.7 billion.

Question 8

National chains vs independent stores to create a resilient and robust food and beverage offer

Answer 8

• which is sustainable and healthy - a retail, catering and hospitality mix has to be curated. Both types of businesses need a financially viable and functional operation
   Small, independent businesses offer diversity, vibrancy and help to curate place independent businesses often have more flexibility and their offer is more easily influenced.
   Large national chains offer predictability and - due to their scale and brand familiarity - often more affordability. National chains - whilst they have deep sectoral expertise around healthier, sustainable food - can be harder to influence.

Question 9

Food Deserts

Answer 9

Lack of access to healthy food such as fresh fruits and vegetables is often seen in low- income communities.

Communities with limited healthy foods available to residents are known as ‘food desert’ areas.

Many resource- poor communities have a large number of fast- food restaurants, liquor stores and convenience stores supplying cheap, processed nutrient- poor foods.

It therefore follows that people with low incomes may have poor food choices that include cheap, energy nutrient dense and nutrient- deficient foods. Low- income individuals living in food deserts are at a greater risk of developing NCDs in comparison to individuals in high resource communities.

Question 10

KPIs for management agreements

Answer 10

• Access to Nutrition Initiative (ATNI): perhaps include in management agreements. Outlets can be managed using ATNI ratings as a benchmark with lifetime improvement encouraged and rewarded.
• Plating up progress

Question 11

Supermarket Dominance

Answer 11

Supermarket = gatekeeper, deciding how food is produced, the (low) prices paid to farmers and what fills the shelves,”

Based on convenience and the suggestion of low prices, supermarkets maximise profit margins often at the expense of people and the environment. Over time, this system has become synonymous with waste.

Question 12

Role of Supermarkets

Answer 12

we recognise that in a world where people are often overworked and underpaid, for some, convenience can be a lifeline.

Question 13

UK Consumers want to do things differently

Answer 13

In 2020, ethical consumer spending hit record levels in the UK with ethical food and drink leading the way. This indicates a demand for doing food shopping differently.

Question 14

UK Supermarket Facts

Answer 14

8 supermarkets dominate 93% of UK food retail market.

Tesco (21%), Sainsbury’s (11%) and Asda (10%) combined.

Question 15

The English Cities Fund (ECF) was

Answer 15

selected as Private Sector Partner (PSP) for regeneration of Salford Crescent and the University District.

ECF = partnership formed in 2001 between Muse Developments, Legal and General and Homes England. ECF work with councils, landowners and communities to create exceptional places across the UK, bringing together investment, regeneration expertise and long-term commitment to shape our towns and cities for the better.

ECF has delivered some of the country’s most complex and successful urban regeneration projects. These also include a number of schemes in Salford including Chapel Street, New Bailey, Valette Square, Vimto Gardens, Timekeepers Square and Carpino Place (these schemes form part of the wider Salford Central regeneration project).

Question 16

Evidence to increase access to healthy affordable food

Answer 16

increased access to healthy, affordable food for the general population (e.g., food in schools, neighbourhood retail provision) = associated with improved attitudes towards healthy eating and healthier food purchasing behaviour

increased access to retail outlets selling healthier food is associated with improvements in dietary behaviours and adult weight status

Improved dietary behaviours, such as increased FFV consumption = associated with increased access to healthy, affordable food (Bambra et al., 2010; Calancie et al., 2015)

Question 17

Evidence to decrease unhealthy outlets

Answer 17

increased access to unhealthier food retail outlets = associated with increased weight status in the general population, and increased obesity and unhealthy eating behaviours among children residing in low income areas

Answer 18

exposure to takeaway food outlets was positively associated with consumption of takeaway food, particularly around the workplace

Northern Europe suggests environmental strategies at worksites may help towards a more healthy diet

Question 19

Evidence for urban agriculture

Answer 19

improved attitudes towards healthier food, increased opportunities for physical activity and social connectivity, and increased fruit and vegetable consumption

Question 20

High Street Task Force

Answer 20

The management of natural and built environments are place-based and can change considerably from country to country. Therefore, this resource focuses on evidence from the UK. The aim of this resource is to inform action and policy, and it is targeted at policy-makers, planners, community groups, or health professionals.

This resource concludes that although it can sometimes be difficult to quantify the impact that the environment has on the health of its inhabitants, there is extensive research linking these two, as active travel, green space, neighbourhood design, etc. can improve the physical and mental health of citizens (e.g. through physical activity levels, better diets, or clean air).

For example, neighbourhoods can offer people a sense of belonging and social engagement improving their wellbeing, and compact neighbourhoods can also encourage active travel improving physical health. Similarly, the quality and affordability of houses can determine the health status of residents, both physically and mentally. Furthermore, access to healthier foods (proximity and cost) plays an important role in promoting a healthy diet, and consequently on aspects such as obesity and mental wellbeing. Additionally, natural environment can improve wellbeing, encourage active lifestyle, clean the air, etc. and protecting the natural environment is essential to sustaining human civilization. Finally, active travel (cycling, walking and use of public transport) can increase physical activity levels and improve physical and mental wellbeing. Encouraging active travel can also reduce over reliance on motorised transport, contributing to improved air quality and a reduction in road injuries.

This resource also provides case studies for how different initiatives have been implemented in relation to neighbourhoods, housing, food, natural environment, and transport.

Question 21

Website: https://www.unicorn-grocery.coop

Answer 21

revenue according to ethical consumer.org £5,900,000

Question 22

Retail is going through lots of changes.

Answer 22

• movement towards smaller units.
• consolidation of property portfolios
• Retailers are looking for prime locations and sites.
• At the heart of it is a partnership approach to develop a relationship between landlords and tenants, and to get away from this traditional adversarial relationship which is set up by the Landlord and Tenant Act.

Lot of potential in retail, and it’s an incredibly important community and social interface.”

Question 23

Supermarket Dominance

Answer 23

Supermarket = gatekeeper, deciding how food is produced, the (low) prices paid to farmers and what fills the shelves,”

Based on convenience and the suggestion of low prices, supermarkets maximise profit margins often at the expense of people and the environment. Over time, this system has become synonymous with waste.

Question 24

Supermarket Alternatives

Answer 24

• independent wholefood shops
• zero waste shops
• wholefood retailers
• food box schemes
• farmers’ markets
• Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)
• Community growing and home-grown

Question 25

Public Realm

Answer 25

1. public space matters because it is inclusive, thus fostering encounters with (and tolerance of) the “other”.
2. , by articulating what we have in common—the need for food, exercise, sociability, exchange—public spaces enable shared engagement, without which society itself could not exist.

Crucially, the experience of acting in such negotiated space—whether by celebrating some public ritual such as a national holiday, or simply haggling over a carrot—is how we learn to be social beings; just as, when we are children, we learn to share food and conversation across the kitchen table.

In many ways, public spaces are the urban expression of family tables: spaces where we come together to share, express and sometimes test our commonality.

Question 26

Qualitative v Quantitative Social Value

Answer 26

Procurement professionals and SMEs are calling for a consistent and coherent way of measuring social value.

Quantitative Themes, Outcomes and Measures (TOMs) approach by the National Social Value Taskforce (a subgroup of the Local Government Association) = monetary values on social value.

These “Proxy values reflect society’s subjective opinion of what it’s worth”

Quant Pros: “Social Value is important for people and climate benefits … the value is just for practical pragmatic purposes to help people understand the scale of your opportunity.”

Quant Cons: regional proxy values to make our social value indicators even more tangible and accurate”

Quant Cons: “You can easily quantify the wrong thing.”
- calculating the lifetime impact of a social value, as opposed to simply during the contract lifetime.
For example, a tonne of CO2 saved now will have greater benefits in 2050, than in three years when the contract ends. It is also difficulty of quantify the value of certain measures: the number of BAME employees for example.

“Transformation doesn’t come from just scoring and measuring. Transformation comes from engaging and developing.”

NETPositive Futures = qualitative tool created to develop social value in the supply chain by helping suppliers create a tailored Social Value Action Plan for their business.

Pros: VSCEs and SMEs often use case studies to demonstrate impact. However, as Guy Battle points out:
“A skilled organisation can write some beautiful words. But I don’t think words are enough. We need to know what is being done for the community. So there is a transparent, measurable and reportable contribution … [Using the TOMs], Officers of procurement can show elected members how they are delivering more value for every public pound spent.”

Question 27

TH Volunteering

Answer 27

Volunteered from a young age
Brownies and guides
Manchester homeless shelter
Tutor Trust

Question 28

TH Career Goals

Answer 28

I want to play a role in ending food aid in the UK in the next generation

Question 29

Why are supermarkets bad?

Answer 29

1. Market domination means they can put a lot of pressure on food producers
2. Food Waste, demand for aesthetic veg
3. Overlook

Question 30

What does Good Food Retail Look Like?

Question 31

TH Story so Far

Answer 31

Science and helping people
Doctor –> A Levels Squeamish
Biology –> Plant Science –> Vertical Farming
Volunteering at local homeless shelter
Cooking with all my flatmates each day
Internship in Food Procurement
Internship at Kew Gardens
Working part time at FoodSync
Volunteering for the World Food Forum
Run a community garden back in Manchester

Question 32

What can L&G do differently?

Answer 32

1. Shape current developments e.g. West Bar development in Sheffield City Centre
2. Include a food security statement in all new developments.
3. Incorporate food into health investment strategies
4. Change perspective of food
5. Invest in food system through Food Board Partnerships

Question 33

FoodSync work with Guys and St Thomas’

Answer 33

So we do strategic insight and influencing work for them on how they can improve access to healthy food or alter food environments.
They’ve loads of projects / portfolios of work which across three stands ‘home’ ‘streets’ ‘schools’. We done work looking at strings attached policy making to influence food environments on the back of Covid, we’ve advised on scaling up their convenience store initiative, setting up a supply chain for magic breakfast, reviewing and supporting local food systems development work, we’ve chaired and brought together their ESG influencing piece relating to the National food strategy, we provide quarterly industry and policy related foresight reports to aid their lobbying and influencing strategy. Some of my work has influenced what and how they commission the likes of ShareAction, Sustain and the Food Foundation.

Question 34

L&G Modular Housing

Answer 34

• several Legal & General Modular Homes developments across the UK.
• Bennington and Wolverhampton
• annual housing delivery to 3,000 modular homes a year in 2024, bringing rapid and disruptive change to the construction industry. It is designing and manufacturing homes in an innovative way in order to transform the way homes are built; overcoming the UK’s housing crisis cannot be resolved by maintaining the status quo and investing in more of the same.
• The Modular manufacturing sector offers multi-skilled employment opportunities and homes that can be delivered in a matter of weeks. There are now

Question 35

Power of financial institutions

Answer 35

We often talk about the roles and responsibilities of governments, financial institutions and businesses in shaping a sustainable future.

The people at the top with the power to influence, drive policy and set culture - but also the many people across organisations like major financial institutions who are focused on impact and helping to move the financial sector to better facilitate and support social and environmental outcomes.

Question 36

behaviours of funders:

Answer 36

what’s driving them, their own commitments to sustainability,
what they can do more/better
, crucially, the importance of working in partnership with their sectors as expectation and regulation gathers momentum and sustainable investment becomes the norm

Question 37

stable regulatory environment of AREF

Answer 37

AREF are pleased to introduce the first in a series of in-person events from the AREF Residential Funds Working Group, examining the relationship between the public and private sectors in the residential investment market, with a particular focus on how we might create a robust and stable regulatory environment in order to deliver much needed housing and investment.

Question 38

Legal and General USP

Answer 38

shared mission to support society’s needs, by investing in the sectors and places that need it most.

As places and communities navigate tough economic times and with public resource in short supply, purpose driven investors like Legal & General with their diverse and patient capital have a critical role to play in unlocking sustainable, inclusive economic growth. Inclusive Capitalism is needed now more than ever.

Tackling the deep structural inequalities in the UK has been a longstanding personal and professional mission. Supporting L&G in working with our towns, cities and communities to achieve their ambitions is the opportunity of a lifetime to make a game changing difference.

Question 39

L&G Affordable Homes

Answer 39

UK housing crisis = over a million households currently waiting for affordable homes. The steep decline in social housing in recent years has led to rising welfare costs and homelessness. We are determined to increase provision and raise standards.

L&G have a pipeline of 3,500 new affordable homes on 41 sites across the UK, valued at £750 million. It’s our ambition to build 3,000 affordable homes annually by 2023 and we have recently partnered with 14 established housing associations and providers,

Question 40

L&G Urban Infrastructure

Answer 40

We’re developing essential infrastructure and injecting capital into towns and cities that have suffered long-term under-investment to ensure that they can prosper in the years ahead. We invest in urban centres, in places like Bracknell, to help them adapt and innovate so that they can support economic growth. The Bracknell Regeneration Partnership, our joint venture with Schroder UK Real Estate Fund, invested £240 million to develop the Lexicon, the town’s new retail and leisure centre. We are also investing more than £50m into a major regeneration project in Princes Street, Edinburgh. The proposals will create a new hotel and city centre ‘hub’ including shopping, dining, hospitality, leisure and event space.

Question 41

L&G Offices

Answer 41

We have invested £475 million into the regeneration of Cardiff’s Central Square. This includes The Interchange, which will be the tallest building in Cardiff when it’s completed. The 120,000 square foot office element will become Legal & General’s headquarters in Wales, bringing together over 1,800 employees. Designed by Cardiff-based Holder Mathias Architects, the building will provide flexible spaces for collaboration, with almost half of the office dedicated to formal and informal meeting space. State-of-the-art technology will also be incorporated into the building to enable hybrid ways of working, as well as monitor building usage and energy performance in real-time.

Question 42

L&G Public Realm

Answer 42

The spaces at 245 Hammersmith will be a strong example of cleverly crafted and extensive public realm around an office building. It will be open to the public and will transform this part of Hammersmith, offering restaurants, retail, a new public plaza and a secluded urban park. The building and its surroundings will play an important part in regenerating the centre of Hammersmith, creating a bold new destination at the heart of this popular urban location. The scheme will be built to the highest standards of design and aims to connect and inspire its future occupiers and to create a flexible and collaborative work environment inside and outside of the building.

Question 43

L&G Science and Technology

Answer 43

Nurturing science and technology is essential for the UK economy.

Bruntwood SciTech, a joint venture with Bruntwood, owns and operates the largest portfolio of science and technology properties in the country.

It provides office space, labs, a range of scientific services and business support in cities from Birmingham and Cambridge to Manchester.

Question 44

FTSE 100 and ESG

Answer 44

But our own review of 100 FTSE companies shows ESG has clearly taken a firm hold in corporations. And – despite the hot mess of varying indicators used to track (particularly social) ESG indicators – some 70% of FTSE100 companies report some aspect of their ESG performance directly alongside their financial performance in 2021 Annual Reports.

Question 45

Climate Change and Social Impact

Answer 45

ust as the impacts of climate change – which will continue alongside our race to zero, of course – disproportionately affect the most vulnerable in our society, so too will the transition to net zero. It is likely that without action from across all sectors, inequality will rise and the poverty premium will be rapidly accelerated through a transition to net zero.

Crucially, there is no uncontested end goal or ‘net zero’ equivalent in measuring social impact. Nor does it yet have the same commercial logic as environmental sustainability, for many companies. And while 14% FTSE 100 companies mention the need for a ‘just transition’ in their annual reports and 76% cite ‘communities’ as a key stakeholder, we do not tend to see a mature approach to connecting the E, the S and the G into one logic model – or one story which connects intimately with a company’s stated purpose.

Question 46

L&G and Health

Answer 46

• Health is our greatest wealth but health is not equal for all
• Michael Mermot: health and helaht inequities, conditions in which people are born grow, live work and age
• Michael Mermot report
• L&G collaboration UCL, companies have a big impact on planet
• Right thing to do, companies produces goods, services, investment consumer goods
• Until now it’s been government, VSCE, local governments
• Healthy life expectancy to increase
• Employment is good for health if it is good quality
• Biggest companies stepping up
  “Economies depend on healthy populations just as they depend on a stable climate. Yet health remains an ESG blind spot for many investors. With the launch of Long-term Investors in People’s Health, we’re determined to change that.”

Question 47

Michael Marmot’s Report - Healthy High Streets

Answer 47

1) Healthy diversity of retail offer including fewer fast food outlets
2) Open green infrastructure - deprived inner city areas 5x less good quality green space
3) Noise and Air Pollution
4) Litter and area degradation

Question 48

Food Swamps

Answer 48

The poorest areas in England have five times more fast food outlets than the most affluent areas (Figure 3.52). The number of fast food shops increased between 2014 and 2017 by eight percent

Question 49

L&G ESG Agenda

Answer 49

We recommended policies to reduce both health inequalities and mitigate climate change, by improving: active travel, green spaces, the food environment, transport and the energy efficiency of housing, across the social gradient.

Question 50

The food industry has an enormous influence on health and on health inequalities.

Answer 50

Consumption of fruit and vegetables is lower among low-income groups than among high-income groups, and consumption of foods high in fat, salt and sugar higher, driving diet-related health inequalities (79) (80). The food industry spends 27 times more on advertising than the UK government spends on promoting healthy eating (81)

Question 51

Food Producers

Answer 51

Food producers can reformulate their products and change marketing strategies to promote healthier options, particularly to children and young people. Producers can work with public health authorities to ensure that they offer affordable healthy foods, sensible portion sizes and clear, useful nutritional information

Question 52

Food Retailers

Answer 52

Retailers also have a role, and should apply knowledge about behaviour, such as removing ‘impulse buy’ products from checkouts and stopping deals that encourage overconsumption of sugary drinks and unhealthy snacks. Investors and shareholders can encourage companies to assess decisions on a health equity basis. If healthier options are more expensive, then the less well-off are pushed towards less healthy options, exacerbating inequalities.

Question 53

those working in lower-paying jobs are often time-poor as well

Answer 53

Many supermarkets provide recipes and guide purchases through these – these should take into account people on a reduced monetary or time budget, and, to avoid exacerbating ethnic inequalities in health, people from different cultural backgrounds

Question 54

Online retailers

Answer 54

Online retailers have the option of ‘nudging’ consumers towards healthier options at the virtual checkout, while bricks-andmortar stores can ensure healthier options are prominently displayed on shelves. Unaffordability of healthy food can be a major barrier to healthy eating. Families who are in the lowest decile of household income would have to spend nearly three quarters of their income after housing costs on food to afford the recommended NHS Eatwell plate (82).

Answer 55

poor and socially disadvantaged are often less likely to make healthy decisions due to an abundance of pressures and lack of support and resources

Answer 56

Tackling the root causes of poverty, deprivation and disadvantage works to improve nutrition. When businesses in the food industry ensure that employees, suppliers and contractors throughout their supply networks are wellpaid and provided with good work, they are perhaps having their greatest effect on health. Where a firm considers it anti-competitive to take significant steps to reduce the impact of their services or products on health they should advocate for systemwide agreed standards that can ensure all products support health. In the food industry and elsewhere government regulation may be both more effective and more productive than voluntary industry agreements in creating a level playing field for competition

Question 57

CASE STUDY: CAMPBELL’S SOUP

Answer 57

Campbell’s Soup was under pressure to move from its hometown in Camden, New Jersey, due to the economic and social struggles of the area. However, it remained and in 2011 committed to improving the health of young people in Camden in partnership with community initiatives. This has included providing better access to affordable, nutritious food via food distribution programmes, community gardens and a partnership with the Healthy Corner Store Initiative; as well as increasing access to green spaces, including renovating public parks in partnerships with Big Green and The Trust for Public Land (131) (132).

Question 58

First Mover Problem

Answer 58

There may be areas where companies feel that commercial considerations are preventing them from acting in a way that supports good health – the ‘first mover’ problem. In those circumstances, advocating publicly and lobbying government for an effective regulatory framework can ensure that action is taken while maintaining a level playing field for competition in that market. For example, the Soft Drinks Industry Levy introduced in 2018 has led to the reformulation of soft drink products to reduce their sugar content, and an overall reduction of 30% in sugars sold in soft drinks in the UK (143). Responsible food industry producers, manufacturers and retailers that want a level playing field with competitors can support calls for governmentled interventions that apply across the market, such as minimum standards, levies or restrictions on promotions that will help shift consumption away from foods high in fat, salt and sugar and improve standards of basic nutrition. Firms should support and lobby for clear regulatory frameworks that do not put companies at a competitive disadvantage when they choose to do the right thing.

Question 59

L&G in Manchester: Residential and Innovation

Answer 59

1) Slate Yard in Salford (build to rent)
2) West and North Tower in Deansgate
3) Bruntwood SciTech Innovation - Manchester Science Park

Question 60

ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) investing needs to become ESHG investing, explicitly including health.

Answer 60

There is a risk/reward point here: nobody wants to end up owning the health equivalent of a stranded asset coal mine, or an asset which may be taxed, regulated or litigated against. There is also a positive agenda – about how we can invest in better housing, better food, cleaner environments and better jobs to reduce the negative social determinants of health

Question 61

A fairer greener future

Answer 61

A stronger, green and digital economy can regenerate places and improve lives. We’re working to better understand people’s readiness for change and mobilise action.

Question 62

L&G and Regeneration

Answer 62

Legal & General Group has put over £28 billion* into direct regeneration investments in the UK in recent years, proving to be a partner of choice for local authorities up and down the country.
Drawing on our highly flexible approach, we aim to provide various sources of capital - from lending through to joint-venture partnerships. We are a long-term investor with a placemaking and development capability in-house. What’s more, our scale and expertise allow us to carry out significant urban regeneration projects across the UK, delivering large and complex projects that, we believe, are beyond the reach and capability of others.

Question 63

The Sustainable Futures Carbon Bank

Answer 63

engaged 500 farm businesses in the programme, as well as food and drink manufacturers and their supply chains.
By improving soil organic matter and sequestrating carbon from the atmosphere, soil fertility is improved, biodiversity is enhanced so nature is supported. Better soil health improves crop nutrition and food quality; enhances air quality and reduces greenhouse gas emissions; safeguards water quality and helps to prevent flooding, erosion and landscape degradation; has a positive impact on biodiversity and ecosystem resilience; and promotes the health and well-being of every component of the farmed landscape. Farmers being paid for soil carbon sequestration creates a new income stream and incentivises them to do more for the environment. All of these beneficial outputs encourage stakeholder engagement, the results of which are promoting a culture of partnership.
This model and unique approach was piloted in Yorkshire but has been rolled out to other counties and could be delivered globally.

The Carbon Bank will create a new income stream for farmers as the carbon they store can be traded as certified carbon credits to offset emissions from supply chain partners like food, drink and even utility companies. These new commercial drivers will quickly encourage uptake in regenerative farming, reduced supply chain emissions and facilitate the carbon drawdown essential for fixing our climate.
The partnership has also released a Good Soil Guide, which farmers can add their own soil knowledge and stories to.

Question 64

Youth foundation - Birmingham Food Businesses

Answer 64

We are working with Birmingham City Council and Smartlyte to investigate barriers in provision of healthy, affordable food by food businesses in East Birmingham. A group of local residents will be trained as peer researchers and carrying out observations, interviews and focus groups with representatives from food businesses including take-away and fast food outlets, and food retailers, across the area.
The research is taking place between September 2022 and February 2023.

Question 65

L&G Residential Developments

Answer 65

We have a large and growing portfolio of almost 5,000 homes across 13 schemes and have more than £1.7bn in capital committed across the UK. Focused on key urban regeneration areas centred around transport hubs, we are targeting schemes of more than 150 units, taking advantage of economies of scale to deliver better value and more choice for residents, while building sustainable, vibrant communities. As an example, at the award-winning Slate Yard development in Salford we’ve built 1,000 new homes specifically for the rental market. We are offering a new standard of service, giving tenants access to a lifestyle that would otherwise be unattainable. There are lower energy costs, no letting fees and more flexible tenancies

Question 66

Businesses Supporting Good Health for Clients and Customers

Answer 66

A) Ensure consumer products support good health
B) Ensure housing infrastructure and regeneration schemes are health and equitable
C) Invest in Health Equity

Question 67

Employers can support and encourage healthy behaviours among their employees:

Answer 67

for example, encouraging active travel to work by providing bike lockers and showers at work for those who walk or cycle in. They can subsidise bicycle purchase or hire schemes, or travel on public transport for a hybrid journey that involves at least some active component. Larger companies should give consideration to physical health when designing offices, including provision of green spaces where possible and encouragement of active travel. Workplaces that provide food can prioritise healthy options. Companies may provide services to assist with smoking cessation or alcohol reduction. This is far from an exhaustive list.

Question 68

Role of Minimum Wage

Answer 68

Established minimum wage levels, including the National Living Wage, do not provide a basis for healthy living, or even for avoiding poverty (23). The original 2010 Marmot Review described a minimum income for healthy living (MIHL), which included being able to afford the costs of a healthy diet and exercise (1). The Joseph Rowntree Foundation similarly set out a minimum income standard (MIS), which is an income sufficient to provide for a socially acceptable standard of living, and meets the criteria of the MIHL. This includes basic necessities like healthy food, good housing and clothing, but also the freedom and opportunity to participate fully in society, as determined by members of the public. It also takes into account not just income at a given time, but also what is required to achieve security and stability in an unstable labour market (29). The statutory National Living Wage by itself is insufficient for many to reach this standard.

Question 69

How to Invest in Food

Answer 69

Many companies have already begun to take actions that improve health. Many, particularly larger employers, provide resources and services to improve employee health: for example, exercise facilities, healthy meals, or counselling for mental health issues. Other companies are concerned to improve the health impact of the products they produce, perhaps by ensuring that food is nutritious, or housing is good quality. Others support their local communities in a variety of ways, through local food banks, or funding community groups, for example. This work is valuable, but this report outlines how the private sector can maximise the effectiveness of such interventions and further extend action on health inequalities. This includes ensuring that all activities of businesses – investments, contracts, goods and services, working conditions and employment terms, as well as corporate social responsibility – are attuned to reducing inequalities in the social determinants of health.

Question 70

Legal & General to provide 250 homes for homeless families in South London

Question 71

L&G Net Zero Food Strategy

Answer 71

Does the company have targets to grow revenue from low-carbon/alternative protein products? * Does the company have targets to reduce or eliminate food loss or waste? * Does the company have targets to reduce non-CO2 emissions, such as methane and nitrous oxide, and to phase out hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) from refrigeration along the supply chain?

Question 72

L&G Net Zero Food

Answer 72

25% of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions come from agriculture, forestry and other land use 1 What does the food sector need to do to reach net zero?

Question 73

Case Study: Lisburn Community Inns Ltd,

Answer 73

created in 2007 when the local community approached a membership group of Resurgam Trust to explore options to purchase the local pub rather than have it sold and the land converted to private housing. In 2007 Lisburn Community Inn Ltd was established as a community-based social enterprise. The premises consist of a bar, off-licence sales, café and outside catering services and the venue hosts weddings, parties and other private events. Resurgam raised £380,000 to purchase the building and develop a new community-owned pub trading as the Highway Inn. In 2017/18 the Highway Inn Bar and Kitchen, which now employs eight members of staff, had an annual turnover of nearly £472,000, with a £15,000 of surplus funds donated to the Resurgam Trust. The space is also a hub of activity for the entire community including a weight loss club, book club, men’s health programmes, pain management programmes, health checks, summer lunch clubs for children addressing food insecurity, a hub for distribution of food waste from supermarkets, ‘come dine with me’ cookery competitions, volunteers trained as drug and alcohol responders and many more social programmes.

Question 74

Bennington Development

Answer 74

Bonnington
50% affordable housing, social housing and shared ownership
ECA rating = L&G = top developer
Local sports centre
Cycle path
Schools neighbourhood trusts
Modular nature
Green landscaping, enhancing planting (wild flowers), bug hotel, bee banks, hedgehog highways, orchard

Question 75

Inclusive Capitalism

Answer 75

Underdevelopment of towns and cities and climate change
Invest customers money in things that benefit everyone
Create value for shareholders
Rail infrastructure, housing, clean energy that gov alone may not be able to afford
Infrastructure affordable homes, small businesses
Long term investments, new assets, new jobs
Cities: Manchester, oxford, Cardiff, sunderland, Glasgow, Newcastle, edinburhg
Science ad technology centres
Thousands of home
Work alongside small businesses, e.g. alternative to pay day loans
Make sure all companies they work with are responsible
Healthy life expectancy to increase

Building inclusive society
Inclusive capitalism - invest in things we all need, we all need food!
When we all come together we are unbeatable

Question 76

FOOD BANKS IN COVENTRY The Trussell Trust reports that in 2018/19 22,000 people received food from 17 distribution centres in Coventry. The steepest rate of increase came in the second half of the financial year, with the rollout of UC reportedly contributing a 35 percent increase in demand for foodbanks in Coventry. The Trussell Trust reports that many service users were in employment but on low income, zero hour or Minimum Wage contracts (229). Cuts to support programmes have also had an impact on the availability of food for poorer families. Between 2014/15 and 2017/18 the number of children eligible for Healthy Start, which provides vouchers for healthy food for those claiming benefits and who are pregnant or have young children, fell by 20 percent. In 2018 eligibility for free school meals was limited to families in receipt of UC earning less than £7,400 a year, which decreased the numbers who could receive free school meals (240) (241). In addition, food welfare budgets, providing fruit and vegetables, milk in nurseries and healthy eating initiatives to poorer families, fell 26 percent in the same period (2014/15 to 2017/18), from £141.3 million to £104.7 million (88). While breakfast clubs have been introduced in some schools to try to provide healthy food to some children, particularly those who are eligible for free school meals, there is no good evaluation of their impact, and raising family income would clearly be a more effective strategy. The Institute for Fiscal Studies evaluated the Magic Breakfast scheme, which funds breakfasts in schools with high proportion of low income children, and found the intervention was more likely to raise the attainment of pupils from less disadvantaged backgrounds (242) (243).

Question 77

The main reasons for increased food insecurity and use of food banks since 2010 are the impact of low wages and increasing costs of other household necessities, and the freezing of benefit rates in 2016 and other changes to the benefit system, which reduced the value of benefits (238). In addition, rising housing costs have been linked to food bank use, with low-income renter households cutting back on food to meet their housing costs (59). The five-week wait for the first Universal Credit payment was identified by the majority (65 percent) of food bank referees (in April–September 2019) as the reason why they had to use the food bank. The impact of UC on food insecurity was also accepted by the Government in February 2019 (214) (239).

Question 78

FOOD INSECURITY One of the clearest and most immediate impacts of being in poverty is an inability to buy nutritious food. The 2010 Marmot Review discussed the relationship between food and health but the common use of food banks and the term arose after the report was published. There is also widespread concern at food insecurity and poor nutritional intake and impacts on health and wellbeing; likely contributing to inequalities in cancer, diabetes and coronary heart disease (8). Stress, depression and anxiety associated with food insecurity affect more than half of households who are referred to food banks and a quarter of households have a member with a long-term physical condition or illness in 2018 (234). Children who grow up in foodinsecure homes are more likely to have poor health and worse educational outcomes compared with children growing up in food-secure homes (235).

Question 79

Lack of Diversity in Retail Offer

Answer 79

Direct impacts on health
Increased risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular
disease and certain cancers.

Indirect Impacts on Health
Increased likelihood of poor mental health, including
depression, cognitive impairment and dementia
linked to social isolation.

Question 80

Food insecurity is defined by the Trussell Trust, and academics working with them, as “a household-level economic and social condition of limited or uncertain access to adequate food”

Answer 80

Between 2004 and 2016 food insecurity among low-income adults rose from 28 percent in 2004 to 46 percent in 2016 (236). Between 8 and 10 percent of households in the UK were food-insecure between 2016 and 2018, experiencing poor physical and mental health as a result. As another consequence there has been a striking increase in the number of food banks (214). The Trussell Trust network of food banks, constituting around 61 percent of all food banks in the UK, had 65 food banks in early 2011 and 1,200 in 2019 (234). Eating healthily is completely unaffordable for many families and individuals. In 2019 the Food Foundation analysed price data for 94 healthy and unhealthy foods and drinks (using categories developed by the Food Standards Agency). In each year between 2007 and 2017 the average price of healthy food was more expensive than unhealthy food (237). The poorest 10 percent of English households would need to spend close to three-quarters of their disposable income on food to meet the guidelines in the NHS’s Eatwell Guide, compared with only six percent of income for households in the richest decile shown in Figure 3.39 (237). The exhortations and endeavours to eat healthily that figure in many public health approaches to health inequalities must be seen as rather ineffective, given these financial contexts.

Answer 81

One year on from the reopening of non-essential retail, Legal & General Investment Management (LGIM) Real Assets is celebrating the first anniversary of Kingland, the shopping street in Poole that champions local independent retailers and SMEs.

As part of LGIM Real Assets’ wider strategy to reimagine retail, 10 entrepreneurs opened their doors at Kingland in April 2021, paying no rent and no business rates for the first two years of operation. This initiative has already fostered both community and commercial benefits, such as the creation of 31 new jobs for local people.

Answer 82

Since the reopening of non-essential retail and the transition out of pandemic induced restrictions, the retail sector has performed promisingly, providing encouraging evidence to support LGIM Real Assets’ commitment to re-imagining retail. Kingland is adjacent to the Dolphin shopping centre, which recently entered phase 2 of its reinvention with the launch of LGIM Real Assets’ Gather, Street Market and Public programmes. Gather will curate more than 3,000 live performances and programmed events, Street Market features a selection of local makers, merchants and foodies and Public stitches the whole offer together with public realm designed to develop a sense of community. Alongside this, the Dolphin Centre has welcomed the NHS University Hospitals’ first ‘Big Think Clinic’ to Dorset, not only tackling patient waiting times, but further diversifying the shopping centre’s offering and social impact.

Answer 83

Employment, housing and education are key in addressing the UK’s health and wellbeing inequalities