Food Provenance: Food Source and Supply Flashcards
What are cereals?
important foods around the world, staple food within countries are they are cheap to produce compared to proteins
what are the main types of cereals?
wheat, rice, maize, oats, barley, rye
where is wheat grown?
Europe, China, India, Russia, USA, Canada, Australia
What is wheat used for?
baked products, some contain more gluten for specific products
make other products
make breakfast cereals
Where is rice grown?
China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Thailand
What is rice used for?
long grain - savoury dishes
short grain - puddings
made into flour and breakfast cereals
Where is maize grown?
USA, China, Brazil, Mexico
What is maize used for?
made into variety of products, corn oil
can be eaten as vegetable
Where are oats grown?
Russia, Canada, Finland, Poland
what are oats used for?
rolled instead of crushed when processed, sold in grades (coarse, medium, fine)
Ingredient
breakfast cereals
Where is barley grown?
Russia, France, Germany, UK
What is barley used for?
alternative to rice
used in soups and stews
animal feed
Where is rye grown?
Europe, Russia, Canada, USA
What is rye used for?
ground into flour - darkbread
Where is spelt grown?
UK, Russia, Spain - same function as wheat
What are sugars?
Natural sweetness made from plants: sugar beet and canes
how much sugar comes from sugarcanes worldwide?
80%
where are sugar canes grown?
tropical climates
where are sugar beets grown?
northern hemisphere
what is maple syrup?
plant juices of the maple tree, distinct flavour and is very sweet
what are the four main types of fruit?
citrus, soft/berry, hard and other
what do the cells plants are made up of contain?
cell wall (cellulose)
cytoplasm (jelly substance that has pigment + fat)
vacuole (largest part, contain sugar, pigments and salts)
examples of citrus fruit
lemons, limes, oranges, grapefruit
examples of soft/berry fruit
raspberries, strawberries, blueberries and blackcurrants
examples of hard fruit
apples and pears
how are vegetables similar to fruit?
structure
what does the colour of the vegetables depend on?
chlorophyll - provides green colour
carotenoids - yellow and orange
anthocyanins - red and blue
what is destroyed when fruit+veg are processed?
water soluble vitamins
what are the advantages of locally produced fruit + veg?
fresher, fewer food miles, reduced carbon footprint, less energy in transporting, support UK farmers
what are the disadvantages of locally produced fruit + veg?
not as much choice, food different sizes, expensive
why are some vegetables grown in artificial environments?
conditions monitored and controlled to increase productivity
what are hydroponics?
soil is replaced with a mineral solution which is pumped around the plant roots, less risk of disease
what is a carbon footprint?
measure of impact of human activities on the environment in terms of greenhouse gases
what are the four types of meat?
offals, poultry, game and meat
examples of offals
kidney, liver, tongue
examples of poultry
duck, turkey, chicken, goose
examples of meat
beef, lamb, pork, bacon
different ways of producing eggs
cage systems, barn eggs, free range, organic
what does it mean when a food is produced sustainably?
resource will not run out
what is the red tractor assurance logo?
independent mark of quality, farms meet a high standard of safety and hygiene, animal welfare and production
what is intensive farming?
large amount of produce generated from a relatively small area of land
why are people concerned about pesticides?
concerned about long term effect of the fertilisers and pesticides can have on us
what does organic mean?
approved by organic certificates
produced by farmers who grow, handle and process crops without synthetic fertilisers
no genetically engineered ingredients
no antibiotics or growth hormones
natural fertilisers
why would people choose organic food?
tastes better, concerned about use of pesticides, effect of chemicals on environment
what are the types of fish?
white round, white flat, oily, shellfish molluscs, shellfish crustaceans
what is trawling?
using nets pulled along the seafloor to catch fish
what is dredging?
metal cages or baskets towed along seafloor to catch shellfish
what is gill netting?
curtains of netting suspended in sea to catch fish
what is harpooning?
long metal or wooden pole lunged into fish
what is jiggling?
grappling hook to target fish
what is long lining?
runs for miles, strung with baited hooks
what is pole and line fishing?
fishing pole
what is purse seining?
drawing a large net around a school of fish
what are traps and pots?
wire and wood cages with bait that attracts fish
what is cyanide fishing?
explosives to kill or stunt fish, easier to catch
how can fishing methods be harmful to the environment?
- trawler nets and dredging baskets damage seabeds
- dredging is noisy, disturb whales and dolphins
- can result in bycatch
- other marine life can get trapped
what is the marine stewardship council logo?
sets standards for sustainable fishing and seafood traceability
how to reduce the environmental impact of fishing:
- sink line deeper
- release unwanted species
- larger holes in the net
- setting up marine reserves
what are the types of fish farming?
farming, sear ranching, sea rearing
what is fish farming?
the whole process takes place in captivity, breeding of the eggs through the catching of fish
what is sea rearing?
young fish are caught in the wild then grown in controlled environments
what is sea ranching?
young fish are bred in captivity, then released into the wild
what are the advantages of fish farming?
- wild fish stocks not reduced
- indoor fish are protected from changes in the weather
- fish cannot escape
- fish are protected from predators
- competing species cannot enter fish farm
what are the disadvantages of fish farming?
- running costs can be expensive
- setting up costs can be expensive
- more disease as they are close together
- antibiotics and pesticides used to control diseases
- drugs can pollute the surrounding water
