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food provenance Flashcards

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1
Q

what are staple foods?

A

food that forms the basis of a traditional diet

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2
Q

what are the main types of cereal?

A

wheat, rice, maize, oats, barley, rye

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3
Q

wheat

A

grown in europe, china, india, usa.

used in many baked products. used to make other products like pasta, semolina and cous cous. used to make breakfast cereals like weetabix

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4
Q

rice

A

grown in china, india, bangladesh, thailand.

there are short-grained and long grained rice. long grained rice is usually served with a savoury dish. short grained rice can be used in puddings or risotto.

it can be made into flour and breakfast cereals

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5
Q

maize

A

grown in usa, china, india, france, brazil

made into a variety of food products including breakfast cereals. can be made into corn oil, can be eaten as a vegetable

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6
Q

oats

A

grown in russia, canada, uk

they are ususally rolled rather than crushed when processed. they are then sold by grade - coarse medium or fine.

can be used in ceral, or made as a milk alternative.

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7
Q

barley

A

grown in russia, france, germany, uk

used as an alternative to rice. can be made into malt extract and used as a sweetener. used in soups and stews, used as animal feed

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8
Q

rye

A

grown in europe, russia and usa.

ususally ground into flour and used to make a dark bread and crisp bread

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9
Q

spelt

A

grown in uk, russia, spain and eastern europe.

used in a similar way to wheat in baked foods

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10
Q

what is intensive farming?

A

large amount of product is generated from a relativley small area of land

.

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11
Q

what does it mean when something is organic?

A

when it is grown or reared without the use of artificial aids, fertilisers, pesticides and antibiotics

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12
Q

what is sustainable?

A

the resource will not run out.

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13
Q

what does it mean when food is organic?

A

all the food sold as organic must be approved by organic certification bodies and produced according to stringent law.

it wont contain any genetically engineered products

it comes from plants and animals that are given no growth hormones or antibiotics

they only use natural fertilisers

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14
Q

advantages of organic farming

A

some people say they taste better

much less chemicals consumed by consumers.

better for the environment

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15
Q

disadvantages of organic farming

A

much more expensive

takes a longer time to grow?

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16
Q

white, round fish

A

Cod, haddock

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17
Q

white, flat fish
r

A

Plaice, halibut

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18
Q

oily fish

A

salmon, tuna, sardines

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19
Q

Shellfish molluscs:

A

Oysters, scallops, mussels, clams

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20
Q

shellfish, crustaceans

A

Crab, lobster, prawn

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21
Q

what is trawling?

A

most common method of fish catching. it uses nets which are pulled along the sea floor to catch the fish.

the sea bed is damaged when cone-shaped trawler nets are repeatedly pulled along the ocean floor

22
Q

what is dredging?

A

metal cages or baskets are towed across the sea floor to catch shellfish. however, the noise created by this process can carry for miles, disturbing whales and dolphins who depend upon sound to navigate, communicate and find prey.

23
Q

what is gill netting?

A

this method uses curtains of netting which are suspended in the sea into which fish swim, however, other wildlife also become entrapped, like sharks and turtles.

24
Q

what is harpooning?

A

a long metal or wooden pole is lunged into the fish.

25
Q

what is jigging?

A

using a grappling hook attached to a line and targets fish. it is easy access and can be done for all types of fish.

26
Q

what is long lining?

A

uses long lines that run for miles, which are strung with baited hooks to attract the fish. these baits also attract sharks, turtles and sea birds

27
Q

what is pole and line fishing?

A

uses a fishing pole and bait to target fish - tuna and other large pelagic species.

however, only one fish can be caught at a time.

28
Q

what are traps and pots?

A

wire or wood cages with bait to attract fish and are placed on the sea floor. this catches crustaceans like lobsters and crabs

29
Q

what is cyanide fishing?

A

uses explosives to stun or kill fish, making them easier to catch. this is prohibited in many parts of the world due to its devastating impacts on marine species and habitats. it destroys coral and coral reefs

30
Q

what are the enviromentally responsible ways of fishing?

A

harpooning as it only targets the fish to be killed.

jigging results in low levels of bycatch.

releasing unwanted fishes by pole or line fishing.

setting up marine reserves to allow stocks of fish to recover.

31
Q

why do people do fish farming?

A

it is away of ensuring future fish supplies. fish are reared in tanks or enclosures using indoor or outdoor cages.

32
Q

fish farming - farming

A

entire process of fish farming takes place in captivity - from breeding to catching.

33
Q

fish farming - sea rearing

A

young fish are caught in the wild, then grow in a farm eg: mussels

34
Q

fish farming - sea ranching

A

young fish are bred in captivity and then released into the wild, increasing fish stocks

35
Q

what are the advantages of fish farming?

A
  • fish are protected from predators (sharks/dolphins) and weather changes
  • they cannot escape and mingle with wild fish populations
  • temperature control, water quality and feeding practices enable fish to be produced faster and in higher quantities, so fish supply demands are met.
  • location of fish farms can be closer to markets reducing transport costs
  • no competing species
  • fish can be produced in higher quantities
36
Q

disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • more expensive to run (and set up) as it requires investment and electricity input costs to set up and run a fish farm
  • fish raised indoors need to be fed, this food is harvested from the sea so it has a negative impact on marine species which rely on krill and bait to survive
  • raising fish together in large numbers requires drugs to prevent spread of diseases. in outdoor systems, these drugs pollute the surrounding water.
37
Q

what is bycatch

A

the unwanted fish and other marine creatures caught during commercial fishing for a different species

38
Q

What is tracability?

A

when you can track the product back through all stages of production

39
Q

what is primary processing?

A

changing a basic food to preserve it or prepare it for sale or cooking -

wheat into flour

40
Q

what is secondary processing?

A

using a primary processed food to make it into another product -

flour into bread

41
Q

why is food processed?

A
  • making food safe to eat by killing harmful bacteria
  • making it taste and look its best by adding colour after processing
  • making food become available that are outside of season
  • making food easier to prepare
  • making foods have a longer shelf life by adding preservatives
42
Q

what is it to fortify food

A

add nutrients to a product to improve its nutritional value

43
Q

what is extraction rate?

A

how much of the whole grain is actually used

44
Q

how much extraction are whole wheat, brown flour and white flour?

A

whole wheat - 100% (nothing removed)

brown flour - 85-95%

white flour - 72%

45
Q

what is the bran?

A

outer layer of fiber of wheat

46
Q

what is the endosperm

A

the middle part of the seed

47
Q

what is the germ ?

A

embryo of a seed

48
Q

what is coeliac disease?

A

medical condition caused by an allergy to the protein gluten.

49
Q

what is homogenisation?

A

involves forcing the milk at high pressure through small holes.

this breaks up the fat globules in order to spread them evenly throughout the milk and prevent seperation of a cream layer.

50
Q

three heat treatments of milk

A

pasteurised milk, sterilised milk, ultra heat treated milk

food tech (2 decks)

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