Food nurition Flashcards
What is catabolism
Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules
Where does conversion of ATP happen in
Mitochondria
Where are water soluble nutrients exported to
circulatory system
Where are fat soluble nutrients exported to
lymphatic system
What is a subtype of catabolism
digestion
What is anabolism
Building of macromolecules from smaller molecules
It catabolise to produce energy
What is the energy of carbohydrates, protein, fats
4,4,9
What can cause malnutrition
Parasites, food borne illnesses, poverty
What are the functions of proteins
structure, enzymes, maintenance, growth
Can essential amino be synthesised by the body
no
What are the essential amino acids
Arginine
Alanine
Aspartic acid
Asparagine
Cysteine
Glutamine
Glycine
Glutamic acid
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Proline
Tyrosine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Serine
Valine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
What are conditionally essential amino acids
Amino acids that can be synthesised by the body but the rate of synthesis is insufficient to meet the needs of the body due to certain conditions
What is de novo synthesis
The ability to make a simpler building block
What is complementary proteins
Combination of different types of proteins to get the required essential proteins
Does plant or animal sources contain higher amount of amino acids
animal based foods
What happens during catabolism of an amino acid
amino group is removed as ammonia before converting into urea for excretion. The carbon skeleton is used to make glucose, fat or oxidized to produce energy
What is the function of fat
cell membrane, adoptive tissue, padding for internal organs, dissolve fat soluble vitamins, production of hormones
What types of fatty acids can be synthesised from de novo synthesis
monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids
What are essential fatty acids to obtain from the diet
Linoleic acid & α-linoleic acid
What are starches hydrolysed into before absorption
glucose
What is the hormone which signals storage of glucose
insulin
What is the hormone which signals break down of glycogen
Glucagon
What are amino acids & lipids converted into
ketone bodies
What is the downside of conversion of amino acids & lipids into ketone bodies
Excessive production of it can lead to ketoacidosis which lowers pH of blood
What is type 1 diabetes
Body not producing insulin
What is type 2 diabetes
Body not reacting to insulin
What do dietary fibers do
maintain peristalsis and prevent constipation, It is fermented by the gut microorganisms which help develop & maintain gut microflora. It binds to toxic compounds & prevent absorption of these toxic compounds
What are soluble fibers
pectin in fruits & β-glucan in oats & barley
What are examples of insoluble fibers
Cellulose found in whole grains, fruits & vegetables
What are the problems with dietary fiber
Foods high in dietary fiber is associated with anti-nutrients which lowers bioavailability of nutrients
What are fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin A,D,E,K
What are the water soluble vitamins
Vitamin B, C
What are prosthetic factors
Cofactors that are covalently bonded to enzyme are not consumed during reaction are known as prosthetic factors
What are cosubstrates
Cofactors that are not covalently bonded to enzyme & are consumed are cosubstrates
They are constantly being regenerated
What are vitamins destroyed by
Heat related process or processes which involves free radicals
Can minerals be destroyed by food processing
Only in the leeching of nutrients into water
Why are nutrients better absorbed in animals
Plants contain anti-nutritive factors which restrict absorption of vitamins & minerals are they are behind a cell wall
Why is the bioavailability of plants lower
Plant sources of foods are also more likely to contain inhibitors of digestive enzymes such as protease inhibitors or amylase inhibitors.
What can cleave multivariant cations
Phytic acid, dietary fiber & oxalic acid
What are flavonoids
Flavonoids are polyphenols found in foods such as cocoa, green tea and red wine
What are the main electrolytes in the body
Sodium, potassium & chloride
What are the extracellular cation & intracellular cation
Sodium provides extracellular cation while potassium is main intracellular cation
