Food crops Dizaster Flashcards
Adversely
In a harmful way; negatively неблагоприятно Adversely is often follow by affect
Aggregate
Gathered into or amounting to a whole. Общ , сумарен. .. Often is followed by a term like sum, total or numbers
Cultivation
Preparing the land to grow crops Cultivate.
Fertilize
Торя, оплождам To supply with nourishment for plants by adding helpful substances to the soil.
Intensify
To increase in power; to act with increased strength Jacob’s long absence intensified his certainty that he should marry Rose.
Parts of speech intensification n, intense adj
Активизирам
Irrigation
The supplying of water to dry land
In dry areas of the country, you can see ditches all over the farmland for irrigation.
Parts of speech irrigate v
Напояване
Precipitation
Water that falls to the Earth’s surface
In the Pacific Northwest, the high level of precipitation ensures rich, green plant life.
Утаяване, отлагане.
Abandon
To leave; to give up Abandonment To save their lives, the Sailors had to abandon the sinking ship.
Harmful
Вреден, увреждащ
Collide
Удрям сблъсък To come together with great or violent force.
Collision
Сблъсък
Eruption
Изригване, избухване A sudden, often violent, outburst(изблик,взрив)
Famine
Глад Severe hunger; a drastic food shortage.
Persevere
Упорствам, постоянствам To keep going despite obstacles or discouragement.
Despite
Въпреки, напук
Obstacles
Пречки, препядствие
Discouragement
Обезсърчаване
Plunge
Гмуркане To go down suddenly To decrease by a great amount in a short time.
Unleash
Отприщи, отвързвам To release a things or emotion
anticipate
To expect; to sense something before it happens By placing sensors in earthquake-prone areas, scientists can anticipate some tremors in time to warn the public. Parts of speech anticipation n, anticipatory adj
collide
To come together with great or violent force As usual, their holiday was ruined when their in-laws’ views on politics collided with their own. Parts of speech collision n
eruption
A sudden, often violent, outburst The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 caused 57 deaths and immeasurable change to the face of the mountain. Usage tips Eruption is often followed by an of phrase. Parts of speech erupt v Translations of eruption noun изригване - eruption, outbreak, ejection, ejectment, eructation поникване - germination, eruption, vegetation избухване - burst, outbreak, explosion, outburst, eruption, detonation изриване - eruption, excavation пристъп - attack, seizure, accession, fit, bout, eruption
immeasurable
Translations of immeasurable adjective неизмерим - unmeasured, immeasurable, unfathomable, measureless, fathomless, spanless грамаден - huge, immense, enormous, lumping, monstrous, immeasurable
famine n.
Severe hunger; a drastic food shortage The potato famine in Ireland in the mid-nineteenth century caused large numbers of Irish people to emigrate to America. глад - hunger, famine, starvation, scarcity недостиг - shortage, scarcity, lack, deficit, insufficiency, famine
flood n.
An overflowing of water; an excessive amount The constant rain and poor drainage system caused a flood in town. The political party sent out a flood of letters criticizing their opponents. Parts of speech flood v Translations: наводнение - flood, flooding, inundation, overflow, freshet, alluvion потоп - flood, deluge, inundation, cataclysm порой - torrent, flood, downpour, spate, brash, flash flood прилив - rush, flow, inflow, flood, flux, inset изблик - outburst, burst, outbreak, spurt, surge, flood verb заливам - inundate, flood, swamp, splash, flash, sluice наводнявам - flood, deluge, inundate, float, water, swamp причинявам прииждане - flood прииждам - flood, flow, flux, rise, swell трупам се - mass, crowd round, troop, conglomerate, flock, flood имам маточен кръвоизлив - flood
impact n.
A strong influence The speech about the importance of education made an impact on me. Usage tips Impact is usually followed by on or of. Parts of speech impact v
persevere v.
To keep going, despite obstacles or discouragement; to maintain a purpose The hikers persevered despite the bad weather and the icy trail. Parts of speech persist v, persistent adj
plunge v.
To go down suddenly; to decrease by a great amount in a short time He jumped off the diving board and plunged into the pool. The value of the company’s stock plunged after its chief executive was arrested. Usage tips Plunge is often followed by an into phrase. Parts of speech plunge n
unleash v.
To release a thing or an emotion When they saw the strange man on their property, they unleashed their dogs. He is from such an unemotional family, he will never learn to unleash his feelings. Translations of unleash verb развързвам - loose, untie, unbind, unleash, loosen, uncord пускам - start, drop, release, let go, run, unleash отпускам - release, relax, grant, loosen, unbend, unleash отприщвам- unleash, unjam, free, loosen, unstop, uncork
adapt v.
adapt v.
To adjust to the circumstances; to make suitable
- Dinosaurs could not adapt to the warmer temperatures.*
- The teacher adapted the exercises for his more advanced students.*
Usage tips Adapt is often followed by to.
Parts of speech adaptation n, adapter n, adaptable adj
адаптирам
adapt
приспособявам
adapt, adapt, accommodate, adjust, tailor, modulate
пригодявам
modulate, rig, accommodate, adapt
нагласям
adjust, tune, doctor, mount, posture, adapt
преработвам
recast, process, revise, work, work over, adapt
diverse n.
Various; showing a lot of differences within a group
India is one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world.
Usage tips An -ly adverb (e.g., linguistically) often comes before diverse.
Parts of speech diversify v, diversity n, diversification n
Translations of diverse
adjective
разнообразен
diversified, diverse, varied, various, variegated, varicoloured
различен
different, other, distinct, another, diverse, varied
друг
other, another, otherwise, next, different, diverse
evolve v.
To develop; to come forth
Modern-day sharks evolved from their ancestor Eryops, which lived more than 200 million years ago.
Usage tips Evolve is often followed by into or from.
Parts of speech evolution n, evolutionist n
Translations of evolve
verb
развивам -develop, unwind, unfold, cultivate, evolve, unroll
разгъвам- unfold, evolve, scan, shake out, unroll, unfurl
произхождам - come from, issue, derive, accrue, descend, evolve
измислям-fabricate, invent, concoct, think up, devise, evolve
отделям-exude, separate, extricate, pry, insulate, evolve
feature n.
Part, characteristic
The best feature of this car is its heated seats.
Usage tips Feature is often followed by of.
Parts of speech feature v
Translations of feature
noun
особеност- feature, peculiarity, particularity, distinction, pattern, trick
свойство - property, feature, tincture
игрален филм - feature, photoplay, photodrama
отличителен белег- trait, feature, characteristic, mark, marker, trademark
статия - article, entry, feature, contribution, lemma
подробност - detail, particular, feature, particularity, circumstance, piece of detail
номер - number, item, size, registration number, hoax, feature
черта на характер - feature
generation n.
A group of people born at about the same time
As older managers retired, a new generation of leaders took control of the company.
Usage tips Before generation, an adjective like new, next, earlier, or older is common. Generation is often followed by of.
Parts of speech generational adj
Translations of generation
noun
поколение- generation, offspring, descent
размножаване- propagation, breeding, spawning, reproduction, multiplication, generation
произвеждане- production, manufacture, generation, fabrication, promotion, promoting
пораждане- generation, origination
отделяне- detachment, separation, release, generation, secretion, excretion
потомство- seed, progeny, offspring, posterity, brood, generation
зараждане- generation, nascency
inherent adj.
Naturally characteristic; always found within something, because it’s a basic part of that thing
No job can be interesting all the time. Boredom is inherent in any kind of work.
Usage tips Inherent is often followed by in.
Parts of speech inherently adv
Translations of inherent
adjective
присъщ- inherent, intrinsic, indigenous, native, innate, proper
вроден- congenital, innate, inherent, inborn, natural, native
свойствен- intrinsic, inherent, congenial, peculiar, specific, proper
migration n.
Movement from one place to another by a group of people or animals
The migration of farm workers from one state to the next depends primarily on the harvest.
Usage tips Migration is often followed by to or from.
Parts of speech migrate v, migrant n, migratory adj
Translations of inherent
adjective
присъщ- inherent, intrinsic, indigenous, native, innate, proper
вроден- congenital, innate, inherent, inborn, natural, native
свойствен- intrinsic, inherent, congenial, peculiar, specific, proper
physical adj.
Related to the body; related to materials that can be seen or felt
- Because of the shape of its throat, an ape does not have the physical ability to speak.*
- The mountains form a physical barrier between the west and the east.*
Usage tips Physical usually comes before the noun it describes.
Parts of speech physically adv
Translations of physical
adjective
физически-physical, material, bodily, glandular, outer
материален-material, tangible, physical, worldly, outward, hylic
телесен-bodily, physical, corporal, corporeal, carnal, fleshly
process n.
A series of steps leading to a result
To get a good job, most people go through a long process of letterwriting and interviews.
Usage tips Process is often followed by of plus the -ing form of a verb.
Parts of speech proceed v, process v
Translations of process
noun
процес-process, trial, operation, plea
метод-method, process, way, mode, scheme, modus
технология-technology, process, method, technics
действие-action, operation, effect, act, performance, process
ход-move, course, way, running, pace, process
технологичен процес-process
развитие-development, evolution, growth, progress, course, process
израстък-outgrowth, excrescence, growth, process, appendage, shoot
похват-procedure, contrivance, skill, process, knack, touch
нареждане-order, mandate, arrangement, word, process, prescription
издатина-protrusion, projection, ledge, protuberance, shelf, process
verb
обработвам-process, cultivate, work, farm, labor, cure
преработвам-recast, process, revise, work, work over, overwork
survive v.
To continue living (despite some danger or illness)
After getting lost in the mountains, Gordon survived by eating wild plants and catching fish.
Usage tips Survive is often followed by a phrase with by.
Parts of speech survivor n, survival n
Translations of survive
verb
оцелявам - survive
преживявам- experience, survive, outwear, rub on, emote, live through
живея повече от- outlast, survive
запазвам се- stick, stick on, persist, stand, survive, keep
съхранявам се- survive
constraint n.
Something that restricts thought or action
The constraints of military life kept Eileen from seeing Private Morris more than once a month.
Parts of speech constrain v
Translations of constraint
noun
ограничение- restriction, limitation, constraint, barrier, bondage, circumscription
принуда- force, coercion, constraint, duress, pressure, necessity
стеснение- stenosis, constraint, uneasiness, abashment, qualm
contamination n.
Being made less clean by a germ or hazardous substance
The contamination in the river came from the factory located just upstream.
Parts of speech contaminate v, contaminant n
Translations of contamination
noun
замърсяване-pollution, contamination, defilement
заразяване-contamination, infection, inoculation, contraction, contagion, gelation
контаминация-contamination
зараза-infection, contamination, contagion, virus, taint
разваляне-contamination, undoing, depravation, deformation, mutilation, vitiation
оскверняване-desecration, profanation, defilement, pollution, violation, contamination
разлагащо влияние-contamination
deplete v.
To greatly decrease the supply of a resource or material
The prolonged war depleted the country’s national treasury.
Parts of speech depletion n
dispose of v.
To throw away; to get rid of; to kill
- She disposed of her unwanted possessions before moving.*
- The tyrant cruelly disposed of all his enemies.*
Usage tips Dispose of should be learned as a unit. In this meaning, dispose does not occur without of.
Parts of speech disposal n, disposable adj
Translations of dispose of
verb
отървавам се от-get rid of, dispose of, shed, unload, put off, shake oneself free
убивам-kill, murder, slay, put to death, rub out, dispose of
пласирам-trade off, sell, market, dispose of, place
продавам-sell, market, vend, sell out, trade off, dispose of
уреждам-arrange, settle, patch, patch up, regulate, dispose of
справям се с-reckon with, cope with, handle, account for, meet, dispose of
изяждам-eat up, consume, dispose of, shift, manage, clip
похарчвам-spend, sell, dispose of
elementally adv.
In terms of elements; basically
Elementally, coal and diamonds are the same.
Parts of speech element n, elemental adj
emission n.
Sending out from a small space into the general environment; a substance discharged into the air.
The Environmental Protection Agency regulates the emission of pollutants into the air.
Usage tips Emission is usually
Translations of emission
noun
емисия - issue, emission, broadcast, broadcasting, flotation, floatation
излъчване
radiation, emission, irradiance, irradiation, emanation, scintillation
отделяне
detachment, separation, release, generation, secretion, emission
изпускане
release, leakage, omission, leak, outlet, emission
издаване
issue, issuance, publishing, publication, disclosure, emission
изпразване
emptying, discharge, depletion, emission, voidance, deflation
секрет
secretion, discharge, matter, emission
електронна емисия
emission
extinction n.
Complete disappearance; the end of existence
Human beings have caused the extinction of many other species.
Usage tips Extinction implies an absolute end; an extinct thing
cannot be brought back into existence.
Parts of speech extinct adj
Translations of extinction
noun
погасяване-extinction, acquittal, liquidation, quenching, paying up, sinking
измиране-extinction
потушаване
suppression, quenching, extinction
загасяване
extinction
погашение
amortization, extinction
угасяване
extinction
заглъхване
extinction
reservoir n.
A place where a liquid is collected and stored
Cult members threatened to poison the town’s water reservoir.
Parts of speech reserve v
Translations of reservoir
noun
резервоар-reservoir, tank, container, barrel, basin, cistern
източник-source, origin, reservoir, spring, parent, well
запас-stock, reserve, supply, store, reservoir, backlog
verb
събирам в резервоар-reservoir
shrink v.
To become reduced in size, amount, or value
If you dry your clothing on the “high heat” setting, they may shrink.
Parts of speech shrinkage n, shrinkable adj
Translations of shrink
noun
свиване-contraction, shrink, shrinkage, constriction, compression, nick
психиатър-psychiatrist, shrink, alienist
verb
свивам се
shrink, clench, crouch, shrink up, constrict, pull together
намалявам
reduce, decrease, pare down, decline, cut back, shrink
смалявам
shrink, belittle, minify, lessen, diminish
стопявам се
melt down, shrink
правя плат да се свие
shrink
stable adj.
Firm and dependable; showing little change
He fell because the ladder wasn’t stable.
Parts of speech stability n, stably adv
Translations of stable
adjective
стабилен-stable, steady, fixed, immovable, fast, foursquare
устойчив-resistant, stable, steady, rigid, firm, steadfast
постоянен-permanent, constant, settled, continuous, standing, stable
траен-lasting, durable, enduring, stable, abiding, steadfast
твърд-rigid, hard, solid, firm, strong, stable
решителен-decisive, determined, resolute, decided, ultimate, stable
noun
конюшня-stable, stalls
хора с общ произход-stable
изделия с общ произход-stable
породисти коне от една конюшня-stable
verb
живея в конюшня-stable
живея като в конюшня-stable
поставям в конюшня-stable
a. Humans have shown little self-restraint in their consumption of fossil fuels.
b. Underground reservoirs of oil will soon be depleted.
c. Bio-diesel burns cleaner than fossil fuels.
d. Bio-diesel comes from a more stable source than petroleum.
e. Restaurants can save disposal fees on used cooking oil.
TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the question that follows.
Human consumption of fossil fuels is expected to fully
deplete the Earth’s crude oil reserves by the year 2060.As
underground reservoirs of oil continue to shrink, we have
no choice but to find alternatives. One promising source,
with much cleaner emissions, is called bio-diesel. Bio-
diesel is often made from soybean oil, although it can be made from any
vegetable oil that is not elementally different from soy. Bio-diesel can even
be made from used cooking oils that homes or restaurants would
otherwise dispose of. Bio-diesel can be used without constraint in any
vehicle that runs on diesel—no modifications are needed.Presently, diesel
engines can take up to 20 percent soy in their soy-diesel blend.As the need
for bio-diesel increases and the technology improves,we may soon witness
the extinction of the fossil-fueled vehicle.This is good news for the planet,
as bio-diesel is a more stable source of energy than petroleum, and it
reduces contamination of our air and water.
adjust v.
To change; to get accustomed to something
Travelers are advised to adjust their watches before arriving in the new time zone.
Parts of speech adjustment n, adjustable adj
Translations of adjust
verb
коригирам-correct, adjust, rectify, amend, red-pencil
нагласям-adjust, tune, doctor, mount, posture, pose
регулирам-adjust, regulate, tune, rubricate, govern, regularize
приспособявам-adapt, adapt, accommodate, adjust, tailor, modulate
оправям-straighten, make, right, unbend, readjust, adjust
подреждам-arrange, preen, tidy, assort, put in order, adjust
поправям-fix, correct, mend, recondition, retouch, adjust
изглаждам-smooth, patch, polish, patch up, level, adjust
arbitrary adj.
Chosen simply by whim or chance, not for any specific
reason
- The decision to build a school in Blackberry Township was*
- arbitrary, without any thought to future housing patterns.*
Parts of speech arbitrate v, arbitrator n, arbitrarily adv
denominator n.
The number written below the line in a fraction
In the fraction 1⁄2, the number 2 is the denominator.
Usage tips The phrase lowest common denominator means “the most basic and unsophisticated things that most people share.”
Parts of speech denominate v, denomination n, denominational adj
Translations of denominator
noun
знаменател-denominator, nominative
обща черта-denominator
exponentially adv.
At a very fast rate
In Turkey, the value of the lira has decreased exponentially in the last several decades.
Usage tips Exponentially is taken from mathematics, where an exponent is a number indicating how many times something is multiplied by itself. For example, 43 contains the exponent “3,” indicating 4 × 4 × 4.
Parts of speech exponent n, exponential adj
infinitesimal adj.
Immeasurably small
The number of contaminants in the water was infinitesimal, so the water was safe to drink.
Parts of speech infinitesimally adv
Translations of infinitesimal
adjective
безкрайно малък-infinitesimal, evanescent, indivisible
noun
безкрайно малко количество-infinitesimal
Immeasurably
Translations of неизмеримо
adverb
immensely-извънредно, много, неизмеримо, необикновено
vastly-много, неизмеримо, в значителна степен, извънредно
maximize v.
To increase or make as great as possible
A coach helps each athlete maximize his or her potential.
Parts of speech maximum n, maximum adj
parallel adj.
Being an equal distance apart everywhere
The street where I live runs parallel to the main road through town.
Usage tips Parallel is often followed by to.
Parts of speech parallel n, parallel adv
Translations of parallel
noun
паралел-parallel
сравнение-comparison, compare, parallel, simile, similitude
съответствие-accordance, conformity, correspondence, agreement, fit, parallel
аналогия-analogy, parallel, parity
успоредна линия-parallel
успоредица-parallel, analogue
паралелно съединение-parallel
знак-sign, signal, indication, place, badge, parallel
adjective
паралелен-parallel, multiple
успореден-parallel, concurrent, collateral
подобен-like, similar, such, comparable, analogous, parallel
аналогичен-analogous, analogical, parallel
съответен-relevant, corresponding, respective, appropriate, adequate, parallel
proportion n.
A part in relation to the whole
The average employee spends a large proportion of each workday answering e-mails.
Usage tips Proportion is often followed by of.
Parts of speech proportionate adj, proportionally adv
Translations of proportion
noun
част-part, portion, section, proportion, piece, fraction
пропорция-proportion, ratio
дял-share, proportion, partition, part, portion, interest
съотношение-ratio, proportion, correlation, interrelation
процент-percent, rate, percentage, proportion, quota, rake-off
отношение-attitude, respect, ratio, regard, relationship, proportion
симетрия-symmetry, proportion
съразмерност на частите-proportion
просто тройно правило-proportion
verb
съгласувам-cohere, reconcile, suit, proportionate, proportion, accord
осъразмерявам-proportionate, proportion
разделям на части-proportion, section, joint, comminute
разделям пропорционално-proportion, prorate
rate n.
The cost per unit of a good or service; the motion or change that happens in a certain time.
- Postal rates in Japan are among the highest in the world.*
- Some grasses grow at the rate of one inch per day.*
Parts of speech rate v, rating n
Translations of rate
noun
процент-percent, rate, percentage, proportion, quota, rake-off
скорост-speed, rate, velocity, pace, rapidity, swiftness
курс-course, rate, path, route, run, run
размер-dimension, size, amount, gauge, rate, extent
норма-rate, norm, standard, quota
степен-degree, extent, rate, grade, power, notch
цена-price, cost, value, rate, charge, worth
тарифа-tariff, rate, wage rate
стойност-value, cost, worth, price, rate, denomination
темпо-rate, pace, tempo, time, movement
такса-fee, charge, rate, fare, dues
мярка-measure, measurement, step, remedy, size, rate
sequence v.
To organize or arrange in succession
Volunteers have been asked to sequence the files and organize the boxes.
Parts of speech sequence n, sequentially adv
Translations of sequence
noun
последователност-sequence, consistency, coherence, order, succession, continuity
секвенция-sequence
поредица-series, sequence, set, range, string, succession
серия-series, range, set, run, sequence, round
редица-row, line, sequence, line-up, range, variety
ред-order, row, turn, series, sequence, rank
цикъл-cycle, circuit, run, period, round, sequence
сцена-scene, stage, sequence, take
редуване-rotation, alternation, interchange, succession, sequence, vicissitude
- Why does the author mention computer multitasking in this article?
a. because it is new
b. because it measures time better than any clock
c. because it helps people to arrange their activities sequentially
d. because it is a good example of the efficient use of time - The underlined word sequences in the passage is closest in meaning to
a. styles
b. lengths
c. orderings
d. difficulty levels
Time is, as we all know, money. Such valuation of time leads people to extreme efforts to maximize their use of time. Some people obsess over knowing the exact time.They buy clocks and watches that automatically adjust themselves over the Internet or by radio waves.These measurements allow them infinitesimal accuracy in dealing with time. Regardless of how one tracks time, most people share a common goal: They want to use time effectively. Since about 1982, this efficiency has increased exponentially each year, thanks to computers and their ability to multitask. In multitasking, a computer executes several different tasks in parallel. Rather than being set arbitrarily, each task is given a priority in the computer’s operating system, and time is spent in proportion to the priority of the task.The computer executes different sequences of tasks at different clock cycles, thereby increasing the rate of output from a process.
