food availability and selection- influences on food availability

Question 1

what is food security

Answer 1

Food security is a human right, and it exists when all people always have access to necessary, safe, nourishing, culturally appropriate food to sustain a healthy and active life.

Question 2

what are the 4 elements of food security?

Answer 2

1. availability
2. access
3. stability
4. utilisation

Question 3

what is a staple food

Answer 3

A staple food may be from plant or animal sources, but because it is a main part of the diet it must be readily available throughout the year.

Question 4

characteristics of a staple food

Answer 4

1. A staple food may be from plant or animal sources.
2. must be readily available throughout the year.
3. heap or that the geographical location is particularly suited to its growth. Or it may mean that it can be stored or preserved so that it is available when climatic conditions are not suitable for cultivation.
4. Most countries have more than one staple food.

Question 5

how is native foods being incorporated now

Answer 5

Australia’s rich history of native foods, known as bush tucker or bush foods, has been a part of Indigenous culture for thousands of years.

CASE STUDY: KYLIE KWONG
Kylie Kwong uses indigenous ingredients and incorporated warragal greens, rosella flowers, lemon aspens, desert fruit and finger limes into her contemporary Asian dishes.

Question 6

what are 3 smart farming techniques

Answer 6

1. hydroponics
2. Specialised LED bulbs
3. vertical farming

Question 7

what is hydroponics

Answer 7

Method of growing crops without soil but with nutrient-rich water

-Integrated into the space programme by NASA

-Found to grow faster and more consistently with less space

-Can reuse water

Foods- e.g., lettuce, tomato

Question 8

what is Specialised LED bulbs

Answer 8

Produces specific wavelengths to aid in indoor plant growth.

-Maximises growth and production through proximity of light.

Foods- radishes, mustard, coriander

Question 9

what is vertical farming

Answer 9

Farming on vertical surfaces rather than traditional, horizontal agriculture.

• Reduces labour costs through automation
• Uses less water due to recirculation

Foods- cabbage, rocket, kale

Question 10

what are traditional manufacturing processes

Answer 10

1. Fermentation
2. Pickling
3. salting
4. smoking

Question 11

what is Fermentation

Answer 11

Bioprocess that utilises microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi (yeasts and moulds) to produce either alcohol or acid from carbohydrate sources

e.g., kimchi, kefir, yoghurt, kombucha

Question 12

what is pickling

Answer 12

pickling is the process of using an acidic brine to preserve a food. Poured over selected food and left in a tight jar for a few days

e.g., veggies, fruit, meat, fish

Question 13

what is salting

Answer 13

Salting is used to draw the moisture out of food, which helps to reduce the growth of unwanted bacteria

e.g., Fish, lemon, smoked salmon

Question 14

what is smoking

Answer 14

Smoking is a method of drying that also imparts flavor to the food

e.g., Smoked salmon (mostly meat)

Question 15

what are some More Modern manufacturing processes

Answer 15

1. Extrusion
2. Pasteurisation
3. Sterilisation
4. Ultra-heat treatment (UHT)

Question 16

what is Extrusion

Answer 16

Extrusion combines multiple unit operations such as mixing, heating, cooking, shaping, and forming into one integrated process

e.g., breakfast cereals, snacks, pasta, and confectionery.

Question 17

what is Pasteurisation

Answer 17

Pasteurisation is heating the food to kill most harmful microorganisms

e.g., eggs, juice, dairy products

Question 18

what is Sterilisation

Answer 18

Sterilisation is the physical technique of preserving food that is specially sealed and packaged in a container and exposed to high temperatures for a time to destroy its microorganisms, pathogens or not, and spores.

e.g., canned food, tuna, corn, beans

Question 19

what is Ultra-heat treatment (UHT)

Answer 19

Ultra-heat treatment (UHT) is exposed to high temperatures then sealed in an airtight sterilized package.

e.g., flavoured milks, nut milks, alternative dairy products

Question 20

what are some of the most Modern manufacturing processes

Answer 20

1. Freeze drying
2. Infar-red processing
3. Irradiation
4. Modified Atmosphere packaging (MAP):
5. Ultra-sonification
6. Ohmic Heating
7. spray drying

Question 21

what is freeze drying

Answer 21

Freeze drying: freezing the raw material, then reducing the pressure and adding heat to allow the frozen water in the material to change directly to a vapor

e.g., strawberries/fruit, astronaut food

Question 22

what is Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP)

Answer 22

Modified Atmosphere packaging (MAP) is the enclosure of food in a package in which the atmosphere inside is modified to provide an ideal atmosphere for increasing shelf life and maintaining food quality.

e.g., popcorn, potato chips, nuts

Question 23

what is spray drying

Answer 23

spray drying transformation of a fluid into dried particles

e.g., powdered milk

Question 24

what is the marketplace

Answer 24

The Marketplace is where consumers purchase goods and services.

• Before supermarkets consumers purchased food from door-to-door sellers like the milkman or green grocers, butchers, fishmongers, and bakers.
• Today examples include Supermarkets like Coles, Woolworths, Aldi’s, IGA, specialty shops, farmers markets, corner shops.

Question 25

market place practices- past

Answer 25

Money Till – the only option of paying with money.

Person would take your order and organize it into a bag for you.
If you needed help you would have to see a worker.

You would need to wait in line to be served.

You need to come into the store to select and make your purchases.

Question 26

market place practices- present

Answer 26

Self-service check outs.

Multiple payment options due to the technology. Can pay with cash, card, or tap your phone.

Some stores now have a scanner and payment option that allows you to scan and pay as you go. No need to wait in line.

Online shopping option no need to come into to store. It can be delivered to you.

Question 27

what is poverty

Answer 27

Poverty: is the lack of quality of life through lack of materials.

Poverty is the inability to meet basic needs like food, affecting a person’s quality of life and potentially hindering their full participation in society.

Question 28

what is Relative poverty

Answer 28

Relative poverty: living in what’s deemed ‘relative poverty’ are unable to meet at least one basic need for survival.

Question 29

what is Absolute poverty

Answer 29

Absolute poverty: Life-threatening, inability to supply human needs.

Question 30

what is Affluence

Answer 30

Affluence: the act of having an abundance of wealth

Affluence, a social factor, is a significant aspect of a nation, as demonstrated by Australia, where its wealth enables most citizens to access necessities. Australians have a wide variety of food options, including fresh produce, processed foods, and fast-food options easily accessible through smartphones.

Question 31

what is the poverty cycle

Answer 31

Lack of nutritional food in families can lead to children and parents struggling to attend school and work, creating a cycle of poverty that persists for generations.

Question 32

what is expansion

Answer 32

refers to the growth of the economy, encompassing high production, distribution, and consumption.

Question 33

what is boom

Answer 33

period is characterized by continuous economic growth until a peak occurs, characterized by high inflation rates

Question 34

what is recession

Answer 34

occurs when the economy contracts and declines to address imbalances, leading to decreased consumption, distribution, and production.

Question 35

what is depression

Answer 35

The economy reaches its lowest point at this point, which can be recovered by returning to an expansion phase.

Question 36

what is agricultural economy

Answer 36

relies on the production and export of agricultural products to maintain standard of living.

Question 37

what is Subsistence economy

Answer 37

does not produce a surplus of food and dependent on the weather.

Question 38

what is Industrial economy

Answer 38

produces large amounts of food for trade.

Question 38

what is Market economy

Answer 38

based on the use of resources for production and distribution.

Question 38

what is Mixed economy (Australia’s economy)

Answer 38

a combination of two or more of the above

Question 38

what are embargoes

Answer 38

The partial or complete prohibition of trade with a particular country or group of countries as enforced by government and international communities.
Used as an act of punishment for acts of terrorism and arms trading.

EXAMPLE: The Australian government banned exporting live cattle to Indonesia due to animal abuse, causing significant financial loss for farmers and the industry.

Question 39

what is taxation

Answer 39

Individuals and companies are required to pay taxes or charges.
Taxes are collected to pay for public services.

GST - goods and service tax
Tariff - added to the cost of imported goods, governments may impose tariffs to raise revenue or to protect domestic industries from foreign competition

EXAMPLE: Chinese tariffs placed on Australian-made dairy products will be phased out over the next decade opening new opportunities for farmers.

Question 39

What are export strategies

Answer 39

Governments develop export strategies to trade food products with other nations.

EXAMPLE: Jackson et al. (2020) states around 70% of Australia’s agricultural products are exported.

Question 40

What are subsidies

Answer 40

Subsides are payments made to producers to encourage local production, supplement income, and assist in operations

EXAMPLE: USA provides subsidies for wheat farmers to enable them to put their product of the world market at a lower price