Food Animal Med. Exam I Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
Point of Balance
A
at animal’s shoulder
2
Q
blind spot
A
directly behind animal
3
Q
arched back indicates
A
lame, chest or belly pain
4
Q
BCS dairy
A
5
3 is ideal
5
Q
BCS beef
A
9
5 is ideal
6
Q
urine collection
A
rub escuthcheon
7
Q
urine pH
A
7-9
8
Q
adult temp
A
100.5-102.5 F
9
Q
calf
A
101.5- 103 F
10
Q
adult HR
A
60-80 beats/min
11
Q
calf HR
A
100-140 beats/min
12
Q
adult RR
A
12-36 breaths/min
13
Q
calf RR
A
30-60 breaths/min
14
Q
absence of lung sounds means
A
consolidation, pneumothorax, or pleural effusion
15
Q
what cause ping on percussion
A
fluid-gas interface
16
Q
LDA pings
A
between 12 and 13th ribs
17
Q
rumen contraction rate
A
1-3 contractions/min
18
Q
withers pinch test
A
normal cows will ventroflex
painful cows refuse to ventroflex
19
Q
grunt test
A
upward pressure in xyphoid region
painful animal has + test-> grunt, kick, act uncomfortable
20
Q
ear discharge
A
likely Mycoplasma infection
21
Q
cold ear indicates
A
hypocalcemia or sepsis
22
Q
central incisors
A
fully developed 2 years
23
Q
permanent first intermediate incisors
A
3 years
24
Q
permanent second intermediate incisors
A
4 years
25
full development all incisors
5-6 years
26
exponential decay of drugs in body
first order kinetics
| present for long time at low concentrations
27
withdrawal time
time until drug levels in edible tissues deplete to safe levels
start when last dose is given
28
NOEL
no observable effect level
oral dose that results in no toxic effects in test animals
done in 2 different lab animals and extrapolated to humans
29
ADI
acceptable daily intake
NOEL translated into ADI (NOEL/1000 safety factor)
total dose of drug that an average human could ingest on a daily basis for his/her entire life w/ no AE
30
AE
acute toxicity
microbiological effects
carcinogenicity
teratogenicity
31
Safety factors
interspecies extrapolation
sensitive subpopulations
long term exposures
multiples of 10-> make NOEL 1000x lower
32
safe concentration
allowable amount of drug in each of edible tissues
how much can be in meat so person eating won't go over ADI
ADI/ food consumption factor
parent compound + metabolites
33
tolerance
allowable concentration of marker residue in edible tissues
| what FDA tests for- either metabolite or parent compound (1 compound- the marker residue)
34
target tissue
tissue from which marker residue depletes the slowest
usually liver or kidneys
what is tested
safe concentration x proportion of maker residue
35
withdrawal time
Time for marker residue in target tissue to deplete to concentrations below the tolerance
36
withdrawal time cont.
Time needed for 99th percentile of population to deplete to tolerance with 95% confidence
37
extralabel drug use
```
dose
route of administration
duration of treatment
volume per injection site
species
```
38
half life changes
w/ change in route of administration
| double half life double withdrawal time
39
dose changes
add one half life for every doubling of initial concentration
40
ELDU allowed
only if enough information is available to calculate an extended withdrawal interval
41
FARAD
food animal residue avoidance databank
42
AMDUCA
animal medicinal drug use clarification act
legalizes ELDU in vet med
places constraints on ELDU
43
ELDU
must write own label every time
can't put in feed
economic reasons not enough to go ELDU
compounding highly restricted
44
cattle pain management
not many approved drugs - ELDU
| cost prohibitive due to large volumes needed
45
cox-2 specific inhibitors
etodolac and carprofen
| possible increased safety for chronic administration (abomasal ulcers)
46
morphine
epidural anesthesia
47
parenteral
butorphanol
meperidine
buprenorphine
48
alpha 2 agonist (xylazine)
epidural
parenteral- sedation
reversible
susceptible to AE- small relative doses (different than dogs!!)
49
impt drug considerations
therapeutic objectives
economic considerations
ease of administration
potential for violative residues
50
major species
cattle, swine, chickens, turkeys, dogs, cats, horses
51
minor species
sheep, goats, small mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, camelids, deer, etc.
52
greater flexibility in drug approval requirements
data extrapolation
| alternative sources of data
53
compliance policy guide 615.115
FDA's direction to field investigators to exercise enforcement discretion in cases of ELDU of medicated feeds in minor species
won't enforce ELDU in feed very much b/c none approved on label for this and need sometimes
54
MUMS act
minor use and minor species animal health act
passed 2004
encourages companies to seek regulatory approval for drugs for MUMS
55
MUMS cont.
conditional approval up to 5 years (need safety data and continue collect effectiveness data)
indexing- unapproved drugs can be legally marketed towards MUMS
incentives to companies
56
NRSP-7
national research support project no. 7
funds grants for research for FDA approval studies by researches/producers that companies can then use for approval
research public information
57
interspecies scaling done by
basal metabolic rate
58
rules of thumb
higher doses (mg/kg) and shorter withdrawal intervals in sheep/goat compared to cattle
more predictable: water soluble minimally metabolized drugs
less predictable: lipid soluble highly metabolized drugs
59
conjunctiva chemosis (swelling)
from hypoproteinemia from Haemonchus contortus in sheep
60
conjunctiva hemorrhage
coagulopathies or septicemia
61
microphthalmia
small globe
62
staphylomas
outpouching of eye
63
teratogenic agents
Veratum californicum (false helibore, skunk cabbage)
consumed plant alkaloids day 14 only
cyclopia, synophthalomos, anopthalmos (absence of eyes)
64
synophthalmia
2 eyes but share a fissure and orbit
65
blepharitis
inflammation/swelling of eyelids
66
blepharospasms
Blinks frequently and doesn't hold eye open all the way
67
nystagmus
shifting left to right or dorsally/ventrally of eye
68
enopthalmos
posterior displacement of eye- retraction of globe in orbit
profound dehydration #1 cause
emaciation
69
ptosis
falling/drooping of upper/lower eyelid
70
micropalpebral fissure
abnormally small or narrow eyelid opening
71
strabismus
eyes do not line up--> "cross eyed"
72
entropion
eyelid inversion
73
keratitis
inflammation of cornea
74
cicatricial
scarring (eyelid laceration never corrected)
75
Sarcoptes scabiei
reportable in ruminants
76
keratoconjunctivitis
inflammation of cornea and conjunctiva
| Chlamydophila pecorum type 2 and Mycoplasma sp. impt.
77
epiphera
tearing
78
uveitis
```
inflammation of the uvea- iris + ciliary body (anterior uvea), choroid (posterior uvea under retina)
#1 reason is sepsis
```
79
endophthalmitis
swelling/inflammation w/in the eyeball
80
tarsorrhaphy
surgical procedure where eyelids are sewn together to narrow the opening (micropalprebral fissure)
81
aniridia
absence of the iris
82
most frequent and costly disease of dairy industry
mastitis (lameness maybe now)
83
largest cause mastitis economic loss
reduced production (66% of loss)
84
types of dairy housing
free stalls
dry lots
tie stalls
85
milking facilities - smaller herds
flat barn/stanchion barn
tie-stall barn
60.3% dairy operations
86
milking facilities - larger herds
```
tandem parlor
herringbone parlor
parallel parlor
rotary parlor
39.7% dairy operations
78.2% of cows milked in parlors
```
87
alveoli
produce and store 60% of milk
88
gland and teat cistern
20% milk stored in ducts and 20% stored in cisterns
89
milk letdown
from oxytocin released from posterior pituitary
90
what overrides oxytocin
epinephrine
91
mastitis components
cow factors
environmental factors
bacterial factors (least important)
people factors (most important)
92
bacteria movement
bacteria can't move from quarter to quarter (except Mycoplasma)
must enter through the streak canal
93
epi triad
bacteria/pathogen
animal
environment
need bacteria + 1 other arm for mastitis to occur
94
mastitis iceberg principle
for every 1 clinical mastitis case there are 15-40 subclinical mastitis cases in the herd (detect w/ SCC or CMT- more costly than clinical cases)
95
contagious mastitis
colonize and live w/in the udder
infection occurs during the milking process (in the parlor)
dry period is best time to try and "cure"
post dipping is key to prevention
96
environmental mastitis
eliminated rapidly once inside the udder
infections occur between milkings except when milking really dirty udders
pre-dipping helps control
97
animal mastitis prevention
udder conformation
immunosuppression
age
98
environment mastitis prevention
mastitis risk directly related to bacterial load on the teat
clip/flame excess hair from udder
clean stalls/standing areas
99
deep udders
below the hock- greater risk of mastitis
100
esotropia
convergent strabismus
| eyes turned inward- crosseyed
101
exophthalmia
eyes bulging out
102
exotropia
divergent strabismus
| eyes deviated outward
103
IBK
```
infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
pink eye
Moraxella bovis
face fly
Bos taurus > bos indicus - Herefords
```
104
epiphora
painful eye
105
OSCC
ocular squamous cell carcinoma
most economically impt. neoplasia of large animals
12.5% of slaughterhouse condemnations
bos taurus > bos indicus
106
exteneration
Removing eye and surrounding muscles and associated structures (part of orbit maybe)
107
enucleation
removal of just eyeball leaving muscles and other structures intact
108
definitive diagnosis of mastitis
made only through culture
109
amount individual animal milk samples to be contaminated
10%
| more than 20% have poor collection technique
110
organisms multiply in
streak canal
111
contagious mastitis pathogens
udder of infected cows is main reservoir
112
environmental mastitis pathogens
main reservoir is environment
113
contagious pathogens
Staph aureus #1
Strep agalactiae - almost eliminated
Mycoplasma
114
common environmental pathogens
E. coli
non-aureus Staph
Strep dysgalactia/uberis
115
Strep agalactiae - clinical presentation
```
BTSCC high (>400,000 cells/ml)
mainly subclinical cases
```
116
Mycoplasma mastitis
won't show up on routine culture
need PCR or specific culture
not responsive to antibiotic therapy
cull all + animals
117
see Prototheca, Pseudomonas, Proteus
look for teat balms or homemade mastitis therapies
118
cephalosporin prohibitin
cephapirin is excluded from this - can use EL but shouldn't
| ceftiofur is NOT excluded - only use label directions
119
small ruminants lactation period
60-90 days
120
dry period in dairy small ruminants
30-90 days to nonexistant
121
milk secretion methods
sheep and cattle: merocrine secretion
goats: aporcine secretion
part of cell goes w/ milk and gets counted by electronic counters as SCC increasing count falsely
122
goaty milk smell comes from
smaller fat globules in milk increase digestibility and enzymatic degradation
123
goat milk pasteurization
same as cow
165F for 30 seconds, cool rapidly best for consumption
destroys vitamin A,C,B complexes + some iodine
124
most heat resistant organism in milk
```
Coxiella burnetti (Q fever)
all human cases linked to inhalation and not milk
```
125
big issues in consuming raw goat milk
Listeria monocytogenes
Campylobacter jejuni
Tick born encephalitis virus
126
goats have higher [leukocyte] in nonmastitic milk
1,000,000 cells/ml
<300,000 minimal problems
750,000 acceptable level subclinical mastitis
stress induces SCC increases
127
Pyronin Y-Methyl Green
stains only PMNs
128
only way definitively identify nonmastitic udder
bacterial culture
129
ID subclinical mastitic goats
bacterial culture most beneficial
130
sub clinical pathogens
coagulase negative Staph most common
Strep
Enterobacteria
131
clinical mastitis pathogens
Staph aureus most common
| Mannheimia haemolytica - blue bag or gangrenous mastitis
132
ok for sheep but kills goats
tilmicosin
133
intramammary tx
fine for meat but not dairy
| apocrine secretion prolongs presence of antibiotic in milk
134
clay poultice
mastitis treatment used in organic dairies
| some benefit
135
udder edema in goats
nonpitting edema - firm edematous udder
136
udder impetigo
Staph aureus dermatitis
137
aberant lactation
galactorrhea, precocious udder, inappropriate lactation syndrome
if milk will continue
don't milk and goes away w/ time
TX: prostaglandins or mastectomy
138
dry cow udder health new infection goal
<10%
139
dry cow udder health goals
cured>chronics
140
lactating cow udder health new infection goal
<8%
141
running average mastitis cases
want less than 2% cases per month
142
beef cattle weaning
205 days (6.8 months)
143
ruminant lung
more conducive to respiratory dz than other species
144
BRDC usually
multiple infectious agents in high stress time
145
BRDC in feedlots
75% of morbidity
50% of mortality
chronics can be 50-150% of mortality
146
lung lobe almost always affected
right cranioventral
147
bovine terminal bronchial units
no cross communication for clearance of infectious debris
148
BRD pathology
disease of diffusion
| less ventilation and poorer diffusion
149
viral BRDC components
IBR
BVD
BRSV
PI3 (minor player)
150
bacterial components (gram -)
Mannheimia haemolytica - commensal and switches A1
Pasteurella multocida- secondary pathogen (primary in calves)
Histophilus somni- primary - TEME, arthritis, cardiac muscle necrosis
Mycoplasma bovis-secondary - tenosynovitis
Bibersteinia trehalosi - isolated w/ pathogens of chronic infections
151
secondary bacterial invaders
Gram + Staph, Strep and Truperella pyogenes
152
IBR
```
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
always vaccinate for- MLV
dominate antigen
"rednose" nasal pustules
sewerpipe trachea
```
153
BVD
```
bovine viral diarrhea
antigenically diverse
part of severe BRD respiratory outbreak
hemorrhagic syndrome
don't forget PI animals - mucosal dz
linear esophageal erosions
necrotic peyer's patches
```
154
PI3
Parainfluenza type 3
| ??
155
BRSV
```
bovine respiratory syncytial virus
severe dyspnea
wet, heavy lungs
PCR to diagnose
hypersensitivity w/ vaccine?
```
156
first lung lobe affected
right accessory b/c tracheal bronchus ends there
157
rectal temp used as tx cutoff
104-105F
158
dx tools
stethoscope
US- can't see consolidation if not attached to pleura
blood work- fibrinogen only significant finding
troponin- myofibril protein - chronic pneumonia
infrared thermography - higher temp w/ more consolidation
radiographs, CT, MRI
PE
159
antimicrobial rotation
less ability to monitor tx success
| pick antibiotic and stick w/ it
160
metaphylaxis for BRD
does not prevent morbidity
| suppresses and delays morbidity
161
select a drug
published trials
historical data on premise
antimicrobial data on premise
162
steroids for BRD
no data supporting this (almost doesn't support it)
163
flunixine meglumine
banamine
NSAID labeled for BRD pyrexia control
NSAIDs aren't benign
likely just masked signs of dz
164
tracheal sounds > thoracic
normal for small ruminants
165
tracheal rattle
exudate
166
vesicular sounds
soft and low is normal
167
goat and sheep respiratory rate
12-20 br/min
168
oestrus ovis
nasal bot
169
enzootic nasal tumor
beta retrovirus- enzootic nasal tumor virus 1
no immune response so no serological testing
no tx, contagious so cull
facial deformity
170
laryngeal chondritis
late summer and fall- sporadic
| acute onset of severe respiratory distress
171
ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma
```
beta retrovirus - jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus
no immune response
contagious
copious clear nasal discharge
drop lambing
cull
```
172
ovine progressive pneumonia
```
predilection for lung and udder- makes hard
nononcogenic retrovirus
maternal transmission 10%
nonmaternal transmission 90%
most animals subclinical
lameness/paresis
```
173
PI3
ovine parainfluenza
| bovine IN vaccine
174
Mannheimia haemolytica
most common bacterial pneumonia
leukotoxin- hemorrhages
swollen purple frothy acute
chronic green pleural exudate
175
Bibersteinia trehalosi
fall/late summer
systemic dz in young sheep/goats
sudden death
septicemia and hemorrhage everywhere
176
chlamydiophila pecorum
young sheep
self limiting
high fever
chlamydial conjunctivitis/joint swelling
177
calf diphtheria
necrotic laryngitis
Fusobacterium necrophorum
fetid breath, loud gutteral stertor, inspiratory dyspnea
florfenicol
178
tracheal edema
honkers
| dex tx
179
sinusitis- maxillary or frontal
head tilt
| dehorning hx- cornual sinus communicates w/ frontal
180
nose ring
pituitary abscess
181
nasal cysts
progressive upper respiratory noise
182
allergic rhinitis
leads to enzootic nasal granulomas
| warm moist conditions
183
enzootic calf pneumonia
```
Pasteurella multocida - primary
Mycoplasma bovis
BRSV- key
IBR and BVD
nutritional component
```
184
Cor Pulmonale
```
pulmonary hypertension
right sided heart failure
bovine high mountain disease
chronic pneumonia
PAP- pulmonary artery pressure testing for dx
```
185
metastatic pneumonia
vena cava thrombosis
liver abscess ruptures into vena cava- showers lung w/ emboli
rupture pulmonary capillaries
epistaxis or bleed out
186
pleuritis
M. haemolytica and H. somni
noninfectious causes but less common
progressive dyspnea/thoracic pain
friction rubs
187
diphragmatic hernia
difficult parturition
| regurgitation/vomiting
188
interstitial pneumonias
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
hypersensitivity diseases
chronic conditions
parasitic diseases
189
ARDS
acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP)
190
AIP
fog fever or acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema
L-tryptophan conversion to 3- methylindole (MI) in rumen
3-MI metabolized and kill clara cells + type I pneumoncytes
open mouth breathing
expiratory grunts
acute dz
191
feedlot AIP
more chronic issue
heat in heavy animals
3-MI still suspected
other toxic plant and gas causes
192
extrinsic allergic alveolitis
bovine farmers lung
hypersensitivity
organic dust inhalation
193
anaphylaxis
```
hypersensitivity
lung is target organ for type I immediate hypersensitivities
abduction of elbows
history impt.
epinephrine
```
