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Food Animal GI Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following type of Clostridium perfringens is considered a normal inhabitant of the gut in many herbivorous species?

a. ) Type A
b. ) Type B
c. ) Type C
d. ) Type D
e. ) Type E

A

a) Type A

Type A is commonly isolated from soil and clinically nromal animal. Types C and D are rarely isolated from soil but can be isolated from asymtomatic animals.

Type A can also cause Yellow lamb disease or jejunal hemorragic syndrome.

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2
Q

How could a ruminat get infected with malignant catarrhal fever?

a. Inhalation of aerisolized virus from a OvHV-2 infected lamb
b. Direct contact with nasal secretions from a OvHV-2 infected steer
c. Infection via infected tick from a sheep
d. oral-fecal transmision from a OvHV-2 infected and symptomatic sheep

A

a. Inhalation of aerisolized virus from a OvHV-2 infected lamb

What is a common lesion in cattle?

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3
Q

What are the hallmarks (in serum chemistry) of abomasal volvulus?

  1. Metabolic alkalosis, hyperchloremia, hyperkalemia.
  2. Metabolic acidosis, low bicarbonate, hyperchloremia
  3. Metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia, hypokalemia
  4. Metabolic acidosis, low bicarbonate, hyperkalemia.
A
  1. Metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia, hypokalemia

“Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis”

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4
Q

What is an alternative treatment option for lumpy jaw?

A

Isoniazid

  • 10 mg/kg/day
  • Not on pregnant
  • Prolonged withdrawal
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5
Q

A ruminant presents anxious, with ptyalorrhea, repeated attempts to swallow, staggering, and bloat. What are your top differential and initial plan?

  1. Rabies, quarantine
  2. FMD, examine mouth and coronary bands for lesions
  3. Choke, pass a stomach tube
  4. Rhizoctonia leguminicola, IV fluids
A

c. Choke, pass a stomach tube

What is your emergency treatment option in case the animal presents with severe respiratory distress?

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6
Q

Lets talk about this condition…

What are true statements?

a. > sheep, endothelial tropism, > fall, vaccine not effective
b. > goat, culicoid transmitted, > winter, vaccine is effective
c. > cattle, epitheliotropic, muzzle edema, colostrum protects
d. > goat, epitheliotropic, > spring, colostrum not protective

A

d. > goat, epitheliotropic, > spring, colostrum not protective

Orf encodes prot-like mammalian vascular endothelial growth factor → mediates vascular permeability, angiogenesis and endothelial cell proliferation

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7
Q

Actinobacillus lignieresii is a gram negative rod, which is a normal inhabitant of the rumen and mouth of ruminants, and is the causative agent of “Lumpy jaw disease”.

  1. True
  2. False
A

False. Actinobacillus lignieresii causes “Woody tongue disease/actinobacillosis”

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8
Q

If you suspect of dummy lamb syndrome, what is a question to ask to the owner?

A

Was the ewe vaccinated using a MLV?

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9
Q

A 2 year old Merino sheep is presented to you for evaluation of fever (105F) of a few days duration, anorexia, edema/swelling of the face and lips, excessive salivation, serous nasal discharge, hyperemia of the oral mucosa (cyanotic), and lameness. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  1. Foot and mouth disease
  2. Sore mouth (contagious ecthyma)
  3. Bluetongue
  4. Peste des petits ruminants
A
  1. Bluetongue
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10
Q

About abomasal displacement. Which statement is correct about the pathophysiology?

  1. Abomasal hypomotility is an absolute pre-requisite. Left-displaced abomasum is more common.
  2. Right-displaced abomasum is more common and the highest incidence is in adult dairy cattle.
  3. It’s hypothesized that the displacement will be orientated according to the size of the rumen, this when the rumen is small and empty a RDA occurs.
  4. Metabolic acidosis, ketosis and hepatic lipidosis are common biochemistry findings of cows with LDA.
A
  1. Abomasal hypomotility is an absolute pre-requisite. Left-displaced abomasum is more common.
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11
Q

Clinical features of actinomycosis “lumpy jaw” in cattle

a. hard and mobile painful mass, anywhere in the mandible
b. Hard, immobile mass anywhere in the mandible; will drain in initial stage
c. Hard, immobile mass, painless, horizontal ramus; drains in advance stage
d. Soft mass, immobile, painless, never involves teeth

A

c. Hard, immobile mass, painless, horizontal ramus; drains in advance stage

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12
Q

What are the adverse effects of sodium iodide in the treatment of actinomycosis in cattle?

a. ) Effective, but considered unacceptable for use in food animals
b. ) Lacrimation, cough, inappetence, diarrhea, dandruff
c. ) Prolonged withdrawal period, and potential for abortion
d. ) Can cause tetanic muscle fasciculations if given too quickly.

A

b.) Lacrimation, cough, inappetence, diarrhea, dandruff

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13
Q

Which of these are not true about Bluetongue in cattle?

  1. They are an especially important amplifying host
  2. Clinical disease is uncommon, but can occur with certain strains and circumstances
  3. Depending on clinical signs exhibited, Bluetongue virus can look like FMD, bovine popular stomatitis, MCF, Rinderpest, mucosal disease (BVD)
  4. Only occurs during spring and summer months through bites of certain tick species
A

d. Only occurs during spring and summer months through bites of certain tick species

How is BTV transmitted and what is the main role of cattle?

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14
Q

Lumpy Jaw, or Actinomycosis, caused by a gram-positive, nonencapsulated, branching, filamentous bacterium that is a normal inhabitant of the ruminant mouth. What is the appropriate treatment and prevention?

  1. IV 10-20% Sodium iodide IV, once weekly up to 3 treatments or until iodism occurs, curettage of the fistulous tract, and vaccination against Actinomyces bovis.
  2. IV 10-20% Sodium iodide IV once weekly iodism occurs, systemic antibiotic, and avoid feeding coarse, stemmy feeds, feeds with hard, penetrating plant awns, and other sharp materials.
  3. Systemic antibiotics, curettage and flushing of fistulous tracts, and vaccination against Actinomyces bovis.
  4. Systemic aminoglycosides, complete resection of affected tissue, and avoiding coarse, stemmy feeds.
A

b. IV 10-20% Sodium iodide IV once weekly iodism occurs, systemic antibiotic, and avoid feeding coarse, stemmy feeds, feeds with hard, penetrating plant awns, and other sharp materials.

What is the pathophysiology?

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15
Q

Virulence factor for BTV?

a. Leukotoxin
b. Piolysin
c. VP2 caspid protein
d. L3 protein on viral envelope

A

c. VP2 caspid protein

Genetic shift/drift → variability

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16
Q

Teratogenic defects of BTV (Bluetongue virus) in sheep, occur only when the fetus is infected at critical stages of organogenesis, which is at:

  1. Soon after conception
  2. 70 days of gestation
  3. 70-90 days of gestation
  4. >90 days of gestation
A
  1. 70 days of gestation (sheep)
    * 150 days in cattle
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17
Q

In BTV, after entering the organism, which are the main sites of virus replication?

a. Intestinal lamina propria, lymphoid associated tissues
b. endothelium and mononuclear paghocytic cells
c. endothelium and intetinal epithelium
d. nasopharyngeal mucosa and regional lymph nodes

A

b. endothelium and mononuclear paghocytic cells
* Vasculature, draining LNs –> lungs, LNs, spleen

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18
Q

It is fall already, and you are called to assess a newborn calf because of abnormal color of the cornea. After looking at the animal you decide to run some tests, yes, you do suspect of certain infectious disease…

Which animal would you test and what type of diagnostic? Would you be 100% confident this condition is causing the clinical signs?

A

“White eye calf” lesion –> calves born from cows infected with BTV

Test the dam, ELISA antibody for VP7 protein

  • Does not differentiate between natural exposure or MLV
  • qPCR → (+) for ~ 6 months → still not proof of disease causality
  • Fetus can be born viremic (Ab neg)
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19
Q

You examine a suffolk sheep because of innapetence, weight loss and depression, and you notice a firm mass on the righ ventral abdomen. What is your main differential and how can you help your diagnosis?

A
  • Abomasal dilation and emptying deffect of suffolk sheep
  • Increase in ruminal chloride
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20
Q

What is te most comon predisposing cause of naturally occurring omasal transport failure?

  1. Neoplasia
  2. Peritonitis
  3. Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
  4. Herniation of the GI tract through a diaphragmatic defect
A

C. Traumatic reticuloperitonitis

?????

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21
Q

What is true of Malignant Catarrhal Fever Viruses?

  1. There are 10 gamma herpesviruses that are genetically and antigenically related that make up the group of viruses that cause MCF
  2. Each virus has a reservoir host where infection is typically asymptomatic
  3. Sheep associated MCF, Ovine herpesvirus type 2, is the primary form observed outside of Africa and primarily affects domestic and wild ruminants.
  4. OvHV-1, unlike AIHV-1, can be isolated in cell culture
A

d. OvHV-1, unlike AIHV-1, can be isolated in cell culture

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22
Q

BVDV is known to cause immunosupression and enhance the effect of BHV-1, to mention one example. What is the main mechanism for the immunosupression?

a. Blockage of the MHC-II and downregulation of TLR-5
b. Tropism for antigen presenting cells
c. Direct killing of macrophages
d. Lymphotropism, with ↓CD4+, ↓CD8+, ↓ B lymphos (↓ neutrophils)

A

d. Lymphotropism, with ↓CD4+, ↓CD8+, ↓ B lymphos (↓ neutrophils)

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23
Q

Two calves were submitted for necropsy, where one calf was noted to have a small brain, lack of hair growth, and was small. The other had a small cerebellum, cataracts in both eyes, and the mandible was shorter than the maxilla. You suspect the presence of BVDV in the herd. Based on the clinical findings you see here, which of the following best follows your suspicions for when infection occurred?

  1. Within the first 30 days post-conception
  2. 60 days post conception
  3. 137 days post conception
  4. 240 days post conception
A

C. 137 days post conception

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24
Q

When does mucosal disease, characterized as the most dramatic of BVDV-associated clinical disease due to severity and characteristics of lesions, occurs?

  1. Cattle that immunotolerant and PI with NCP BVDV becomes infected with a CP BVDV
  2. Cattle immunotolerant and PI with CP BVDV becomes infected with a CP BVDV
  3. Cattle immunotolerant and PI with CP BVDV becomes infected with a different strain of CP BVDV
  4. Cattle immunotolerant and PI with NCP BVDV becomes infected with a different strain of NCP BVDV
A

a. Cattle that immunotolerant and PI with NCP BVDV becomes infected with a CP BVDV

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25
Q

Describe what has to happen for a PI calf to have fatal mucosa disease. Remember the BVDV strains involved and what happens to them

A
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26
Q

How could you better diagnose a PI calf?

a) Serology - ELISA for infective antibodies
b. Ag capture ELISA in skin sample
c. RT-PCR in serum samples
d. RT-PCR in skin samples

A

b. Ag capture ELISA in skin sample

  • Post-natal PIs can respond immunologically to heterologous strains of BVDV → PI animals may be seropositive
  • Seropositive status cannot be used diagnostically to rule out PI
  • Young calves would test negative by virus isolation, microplate virus isolation, and ACE on serum because of inhibition of colostral antibodies
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29
Q

A cow predisposed to hemorrhagic bowel syndrome will most likely be

a. Negative energy balance, 1st lactation
b. Previous DA, Angus cow
c. Elite lactating Holstein cow
d. Lactating Jersey cow, average production

A

c. Elite lactating Holstein cow

  • Lactating dairy cow, ↑ milk production
  • ↑ long stem fiber in diet → ↓ in # of cases

????

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30
Q

Of susceptible species to BVDV, which ones are most closely related phylogenetically to cattle, therefore have the highest potential to be infected?

  1. New and Old World Camelids
  2. Small Ruminants
  3. Pigs
  4. Deer
A

b. Small Ruminants

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31
Q

In goats and camelids, what is the main feature of Johne’s disease?

a. profuse watery diarrhea
b. Weight loss
c. Ventral edema
d. Lymphadenopathy

A

b. Weight loss

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32
Q

Best method to prevent MAP infection

a. Vaccination by the state veterinarian
b. Cull daughter of infected cows

c. Prophylaxis with gallium maltolate to all neonates
d. Prevent high susceptible newborns from ingesting manure from infected adults

A

d. Prevent high susceptible newborns from ingesting manure from infected adults

Colostrum from neg cows, no pooling colostrum, clean teats

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33
Q

What is the most important form of transmission of Johne’s disease?

a. Ingestion of contaminated feces in young calves
b. Ingestion of milk in young calves
c. Transplacental
d. Fomites

A

a. Ingestion of contaminated feces in young calves

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34
Q

What is true about PIs in BVDV infection?

a. Cytopathic strain, principal reservoir immunocompetent, infected anytime in gestation
b. Non-cytopathic, principal reservoir, immunotolerant, infected prior to day 125 (~80) of gestation
c. Non-cytopathic, risk for mucosal disease, immunocompetent, infected after day 125 of gestation
d. Cytopathic, hemorrhagic syndrome, infected after birth

A

b. Non-cytopathic, principal reservoir, immunotolerant, infected prior to day 125 (~80) of gestation

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35
Q

What is the most usual portal of entry for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Johne’s Disease)?

A. Intestinal epithelium (Peyer’s Patches)

B. Tonsilar invasion

C. Pentetrating wound

D. Transplacental infection

A

A. Intestinal epithelium (Peyer’s Patches)

Ingestion → M-cells in intestinal epithelium (ileum)

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36
Q

Why are PIs very efficient transmitters of BVDV virus?

a. Longer survival than other animals
b. After death, high viral load is spread in the environment
c. High viral load in many different tissues, thus shed in most of secretions
d. After birth, placenta is the main source for most adult cattle

A

c. High viral load in many different tissues, thus shed in most of secretions

So what is the best form to test a PI?

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37
Q

What is an “Acorn calf”?

A

Calves born from dams that ingested acorns during 2nd trimester pregnancy–>

Short leg bones, abnormal hoofs, short/long narrow head

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38
Q

Mention the 3 clinical syndromes of BVDV infection and 1 of the most characteristic outcomes for each of them

  1. ______, outcome ______
  2. ______, outcome ______
  3. ______, outcome ______
A
  1. Acute (transient) infection, outcome: diarrhea, systemic disease
  2. Fetal infection, outcome: congenital defects
  3. Persistent infection, outcome: Mucosal disease (but also normal)
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39
Q

What could happen with C. perfringens type A infection?

a. Yellow lamb disease, JHS, abomasitis in calves
b. Lamb dysentery, enterotoxemia in horses
c. Pigbel, struck
d. Pulpy kidney, lamb dysentery

A

a. Yellow lamb disease, JHS, abomasitis in calves

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40
Q

What is the best diagnsotic test, if you are concern of Johne’s disease, for a 6 year-old cow with diarrhea, poor body condition and submandibular edema?

a. Intradermal Johnin in whole blood
b. Fecal culture
c. Serum ELISA
d. Tissue culture of mesenteric LNs

A

c. Serum ELISA

Se: subclinical “low shedders” → 15%

Clinical “heavy shedders” → 90%

Sp of ELISA → ~ 100%

Camelids–> PCR feces (serology not useful)

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41
Q

What are excitation factors influencing vagal motor discharge from the Gastric Centers of the Medulla causing increased rumen motility and their respective location/Stimulus?

  1. Low-tension tension receptors in the reticulum, medial wall, caused by mild distention
  2. Tension receptors of the abomasum, caused by abomasal distention
  3. Tension receptors in the medial wall of cranial rumen sac, decreased rumen gas pressure.
  4. Chemical receptors in the reticulum and rumen caused by increased concentration of undissolved VFAs
A

a. Low-tension tension receptors in the reticulum, medial wall, caused by mild distention

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42
Q

Parasites in alpacas

A

See article

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43
Q

Sheep with firm mass in the low right abdomen, pear shaped

A

Emptying defect of Suffolk sheep

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44
Q

Cause of dummy lamb syndrome

A

MLV vaccine for BTV to pregnant ewes

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45
Q

Congenital cataracts in a calf

A

BVDV?

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46
Q

With respect to frothy bloat, therapy

A

polaxolene effective for tx and for prevention

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47
Q

Site of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome

A

?

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48
Q

Best test for herd screening of BVDV

A

RT-PCR Pooled samples > Se than virus isolation

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49
Q

Best test to detect PI in BVDV

A

Antigen detection in tissues IHC, ACE: can be done in young calves

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50
Q

Best treatment for HBS in cattle

A

surgery and manual massage of bowel

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51
Q

Virulence factor for Bluetongue virus

A

VP2 caspid protein

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52
Q

Testing for cryptosporidium

A

*Fluorescein-labelled, monoclonal antibody → gold standard* • Flotation + stain (ZN) • Direct immunofluorescense

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53
Q

Which breed of sheep is more commonly affected with BTV?

A

Merino

54
Q

Best indicator of chronic ruminal acidosis (SARA) in dairy herds

A

decrease butter fat in mill tank

55
Q

Cause of ovine white liver disease (enzootic marasmus)

A

Cobalt deficiency

56
Q

What is the eclipse phase in Johne’s disease?

A

Silent phase with no shedding and no clinical signs

57
Q

Cause of enzootic ataxia of sheep and goats, swayback

A

Copper deficiency, demyelinization

58
Q

Target organs of BTV

A
  • Upper GI
  • Skin
  • Lungs
59
Q

How does Orf mediates vascular permeability?

A

encodes prot-like mammalian vascular endothelial growth factor

60
Q

Causative agent of MCF?

A

OvHV-2

Domestic and wild sheep and goats are asymptomatic reservoirs

61
Q

OvHV-2 infects which type of cells?

A

Lymphocytes T –> CD8+ mostly

62
Q

Prevalence of BVDV in alpacas in the US?

A

25% of herds are seropositive

6% have PIs

63
Q

XR, US caval syndrome related:

A

Chronic ruminal acidosis

64
Q

Mechanism of frothy bloat

A

Touch neuroreceptors at cardia

65
Q

Sites of replication of aphtovirus

A

Pharyngeal and digestive mucosa Alveolar epithelium of udder

66
Q

Which salmonella is host specific for cattle?

A

S. dublin, true carriers

67
Q

In which disease you can decrease the risk by the use of colostrum replacer?

A

Johne’s disease (MAP)

68
Q

What is internal vomiting?

A

Pyloric outflow failure causing reflux from the abomasun. ↑ ruminal Cl

69
Q

Measure to avoid infection of lambs with MCF

A

Separation of lambs from adults at 2 months produces OvHV-2 free sheep

70
Q

Most common cause of vagal indigestion

A

Reticuloperitonitis

71
Q

Diagnosis of cobalt deficieny

A

Vit B12 concentrations in blood/liver

72
Q

Calves with hx of melena, dying and thrombocytopenic

A

BVDV type 2

73
Q

What is the gold standard diagnosis for BVDV in acute cases?

A

Virus isolation Mononuclear cells in buffy coat → ideal sample for individual virus isolation in acute infection

74
Q

What change in diet can decrease the incidence of jejunal hemorrhagic syndrome

A

↑ long stem fiber in diet

75
Q

Which animal is the amplifying reservoir for blue tongue virus?

A

Cattle

76
Q

I which cells do BTV replicates?

A
  • Endothelial cells
  • Mononuclear phagocytic cells –> Macrophages
77
Q

Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome, causative agent

A

C. perfringens Type A, a-toxin

78
Q

Bilateral keratitis in cow, lymphadenopathy, after show

A

MCF

79
Q

Diarrhea in 5 month old cattle, just weaned

A

Coccidia

80
Q

Secondary abomasal impaction

A

feeding of coarse roughage

81
Q

Which serovar of BVDV produces PI animals

A

Non-cytopathic (NCP)

82
Q

Type of BVDV causing severe acute and hemorrhagic disease

A

Type 2 NCP

83
Q

Life cycle of Cryptosporidium parvum

A

Fecal-oral transmission of encysted, sporulated oocysts → distal small and large intestine → villous atrophy

84
Q

Prevention of acorn toxicosis

A

Calcium hydroxide (Hydrated lime)

85
Q

Diagnosis for acorn toxicosis

A

Serum or urinary phenolic content (Hydrolyzed tannin: gallic acid)

86
Q

White eye calf

A

BTV infection in cattle

87
Q

When is the infection of cows with BVDV to induce PI calves?

A

Infection prior day 125 of gestation (80) ○ Immunotolerant ○ Principal reservoir

88
Q

How to confirm a LDA?

A

pH <4.5 by percutaneous aspiration Ultrasound → position of pylorus

89
Q

Diagnostic test for MCF in animals with clinical disease

A

PCR Serology better for asymptomatic and reservoirs

90
Q

Causes of alkaline rumen

A

High protein or NPN in diet Urea toxicity Poor digestable roughage, simple indigestion

91
Q

Clinical signs of Johne’s in alpaca and sheep

A

Chronic weight loss and anemia

92
Q

Types of vagal indigestion

A
  1. Failure of omasal transport 2. Pyloric outflow failure
93
Q

Crypto and salmonella pathogenesis

A

May be exacerbated by antibiotic therapy

94
Q

Johne’s pathophysiology

A

M cells

95
Q

Black disease necropsy

A

C. Novyi type B –> Engorgement of SQ vessels and variable amount of SQ edema and gelatinous exudate in fascial planes. Blood stained serous fluid in large amounts in pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavities.

96
Q

Cause of abomasal ulcers in calves

A

Cu deficiency

97
Q

Best to diagnose PI in BVDV

A

IHC skin

98
Q

Causative agent of yellow lamb disease

A

C. perfringens Type A

99
Q

Papple abdominal contour, rumen chloride 60

A

Pyloric outflow obstruction

100
Q

Cryptosporidium hominis?

A

Human

101
Q

Ocular lesion in cattle with MCF

A

Uveitis, conjunctivitis, corneal opacity → centripetal

102
Q

Target cell of M. avium subs paratuberculosis

A

Macrophages Facultative intracellular bacteria

103
Q

Reservoirs for MCF

A

Domestic and wild sheep and goats are asymptomatic reservoirs

104
Q

Test with 90% Se on Johne’s disease in animal with clinical signs

A

ELISA Se: subclinical “low shedders” → 15% Clinical “heavy shedders” → 90%

105
Q

How can you produce a OvHV-2 free sheep

A

Separate lambs from adults ar 2 months of age

106
Q

VFA 80% E dairy cow

A

A: P : B –> 70:20:10 if high fiber diet and 60:30:10 if high starch diet

107
Q

Causative agent of lamb dysentery

A

C. perfringens Type B, b-toxin

108
Q

Options to diagnose MAP in cows with clinical signs

A

ELISA PCR (high PV)

109
Q

Secretory diarrhea in 14 day old calf

A

Rotavirus? Cryptosporidium?

110
Q

Cow with sx of HBS relation

A

most common in high producing cows during first weeks of lactation

111
Q

Best test in camelids for MAP infection

A

Fecal PCR Serology not useful

112
Q

How is the development of acute mucosal disease in BVDV?

A

PI is infected with a CP strain that is a mutation from the NCP (homologous)

113
Q

Localization of MAP in the intestine

A

M cells in the epithelium of the ileum and then overlies Peyer’s patches

114
Q

Which disease can be prevented by use of a serum derived colostrum replacer?

A

MAP

115
Q

Effect of C. perfringens type A in neonatal calves

A

Ruminal and abomasal timpany, abomasitis, abomasal ulceration

116
Q

Which are the 3 types of infection produced by BVDV

A
  1. Acute transient
  2. Fetal infection
  3. Persistent infected
117
Q

Pulpy kidney (overeating disease)

A

Cl Perfingens type D –> pronounced hyperglycemia (glucosuria) –> necropsy: vasculitis (excess pericardial and thoracic fluid), rapid autolysis kidney

118
Q

Parameters for poor short-term prognosis in cases of abomasal volvulus

A

Serum Cl <79mEq/L Base excess < -0.1 Anion gap >30mEq/L

119
Q

Prevention for pulpy kidney disease

A

Vaccinate twice before arrival to the feedlot Type D antitoxin Adjust diet

120
Q

Cells involved in the pathogenesis of MCF

A

Lymphocytes (T lymphocytes CD8+) Lymphoproliferative disease

121
Q

Risk factor for pulpy kidney disease in sheep

A

Animals fed highly nutritious diet (grain-fed livestock)

122
Q

Causative agent of winter dysentery

A

Bovine coronavirus

123
Q

Best test to detect animals in the eclipse phase of MAP

A

Intradermal Johnin test (Immune based) Blood, detects IFN-g Unreliable

124
Q

Best sample for diagnosis of Peste des Petit Ruminants in life goats

A

Lymph node biopsy after day 3

Also called Goat Plague, Pest of Small Ruminants, or Stomatitis-Pneumoenteritis Syndrome. Is cause by a single-stranded ribonucleic acid (ssRNA) virus from the Paramyxoviridae family (Subfamily Paramyxovirinae and Morbillivirus Genus).

Morbidity is higher among goats than sheep.

Clinical Signs include fever, depression, inappetence, necrosis of mucosa, and ocular, nasal, and oral mucopurulent discharge.

It can also affect wild ungulates, its transmission is through aerosols and direct contact with ocular, nasal, and oral secretions.

125
Q

Prevention of phalaris staggers

A

Cobalt, but not effective as treatment

126
Q

Which bacteria is increased in cases of grain overload in ruminants?

A

Strep. bovis, ↑ lactic acid as end product

127
Q

Salmonella dublin

A

Eliminated in milk and colostrum and high risk of infection of calves

128
Q

Which are the sites of replication for Bluetongue virus?

A

endothelium and mononuclear phagocytic cells (macrophages)

GI LA (9 decks)

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