Food Animal GI Flashcards
Which of the following type of Clostridium perfringens is considered a normal inhabitant of the gut in many herbivorous species?
a. ) Type A
b. ) Type B
c. ) Type C
d. ) Type D
e. ) Type E
a) Type A
Type A is commonly isolated from soil and clinically nromal animal. Types C and D are rarely isolated from soil but can be isolated from asymtomatic animals.
Type A can also cause Yellow lamb disease or jejunal hemorragic syndrome.
How could a ruminat get infected with malignant catarrhal fever?
a. Inhalation of aerisolized virus from a OvHV-2 infected lamb
b. Direct contact with nasal secretions from a OvHV-2 infected steer
c. Infection via infected tick from a sheep
d. oral-fecal transmision from a OvHV-2 infected and symptomatic sheep
a. Inhalation of aerisolized virus from a OvHV-2 infected lamb
What is a common lesion in cattle?
What are the hallmarks (in serum chemistry) of abomasal volvulus?
- Metabolic alkalosis, hyperchloremia, hyperkalemia.
- Metabolic acidosis, low bicarbonate, hyperchloremia
- Metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia, hypokalemia
- Metabolic acidosis, low bicarbonate, hyperkalemia.
- Metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia, hypokalemia
“Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis”
What is an alternative treatment option for lumpy jaw?
Isoniazid
- 10 mg/kg/day
- Not on pregnant
- Prolonged withdrawal
A ruminant presents anxious, with ptyalorrhea, repeated attempts to swallow, staggering, and bloat. What are your top differential and initial plan?
- Rabies, quarantine
- FMD, examine mouth and coronary bands for lesions
- Choke, pass a stomach tube
- Rhizoctonia leguminicola, IV fluids
c. Choke, pass a stomach tube
What is your emergency treatment option in case the animal presents with severe respiratory distress?
Lets talk about this condition…
What are true statements?
a. > sheep, endothelial tropism, > fall, vaccine not effective
b. > goat, culicoid transmitted, > winter, vaccine is effective
c. > cattle, epitheliotropic, muzzle edema, colostrum protects
d. > goat, epitheliotropic, > spring, colostrum not protective
d. > goat, epitheliotropic, > spring, colostrum not protective
Orf encodes prot-like mammalian vascular endothelial growth factor → mediates vascular permeability, angiogenesis and endothelial cell proliferation
Actinobacillus lignieresii is a gram negative rod, which is a normal inhabitant of the rumen and mouth of ruminants, and is the causative agent of “Lumpy jaw disease”.
- True
- False
False. Actinobacillus lignieresii causes “Woody tongue disease/actinobacillosis”
If you suspect of dummy lamb syndrome, what is a question to ask to the owner?
Was the ewe vaccinated using a MLV?
A 2 year old Merino sheep is presented to you for evaluation of fever (105F) of a few days duration, anorexia, edema/swelling of the face and lips, excessive salivation, serous nasal discharge, hyperemia of the oral mucosa (cyanotic), and lameness. What is the most likely diagnosis?
- Foot and mouth disease
- Sore mouth (contagious ecthyma)
- Bluetongue
- Peste des petits ruminants
- Bluetongue
About abomasal displacement. Which statement is correct about the pathophysiology?
- Abomasal hypomotility is an absolute pre-requisite. Left-displaced abomasum is more common.
- Right-displaced abomasum is more common and the highest incidence is in adult dairy cattle.
- It’s hypothesized that the displacement will be orientated according to the size of the rumen, this when the rumen is small and empty a RDA occurs.
- Metabolic acidosis, ketosis and hepatic lipidosis are common biochemistry findings of cows with LDA.
- Abomasal hypomotility is an absolute pre-requisite. Left-displaced abomasum is more common.
Clinical features of actinomycosis “lumpy jaw” in cattle
a. hard and mobile painful mass, anywhere in the mandible
b. Hard, immobile mass anywhere in the mandible; will drain in initial stage
c. Hard, immobile mass, painless, horizontal ramus; drains in advance stage
d. Soft mass, immobile, painless, never involves teeth
c. Hard, immobile mass, painless, horizontal ramus; drains in advance stage
What are the adverse effects of sodium iodide in the treatment of actinomycosis in cattle?
a. ) Effective, but considered unacceptable for use in food animals
b. ) Lacrimation, cough, inappetence, diarrhea, dandruff
c. ) Prolonged withdrawal period, and potential for abortion
d. ) Can cause tetanic muscle fasciculations if given too quickly.
b.) Lacrimation, cough, inappetence, diarrhea, dandruff
Which of these are not true about Bluetongue in cattle?
- They are an especially important amplifying host
- Clinical disease is uncommon, but can occur with certain strains and circumstances
- Depending on clinical signs exhibited, Bluetongue virus can look like FMD, bovine popular stomatitis, MCF, Rinderpest, mucosal disease (BVD)
- Only occurs during spring and summer months through bites of certain tick species
d. Only occurs during spring and summer months through bites of certain tick species
How is BTV transmitted and what is the main role of cattle?
Lumpy Jaw, or Actinomycosis, caused by a gram-positive, nonencapsulated, branching, filamentous bacterium that is a normal inhabitant of the ruminant mouth. What is the appropriate treatment and prevention?
- IV 10-20% Sodium iodide IV, once weekly up to 3 treatments or until iodism occurs, curettage of the fistulous tract, and vaccination against Actinomyces bovis.
- IV 10-20% Sodium iodide IV once weekly iodism occurs, systemic antibiotic, and avoid feeding coarse, stemmy feeds, feeds with hard, penetrating plant awns, and other sharp materials.
- Systemic antibiotics, curettage and flushing of fistulous tracts, and vaccination against Actinomyces bovis.
- Systemic aminoglycosides, complete resection of affected tissue, and avoiding coarse, stemmy feeds.
b. IV 10-20% Sodium iodide IV once weekly iodism occurs, systemic antibiotic, and avoid feeding coarse, stemmy feeds, feeds with hard, penetrating plant awns, and other sharp materials.
What is the pathophysiology?
Virulence factor for BTV?
a. Leukotoxin
b. Piolysin
c. VP2 caspid protein
d. L3 protein on viral envelope
c. VP2 caspid protein
Genetic shift/drift → variability
Teratogenic defects of BTV (Bluetongue virus) in sheep, occur only when the fetus is infected at critical stages of organogenesis, which is at:
- Soon after conception
- 70 days of gestation
- 70-90 days of gestation
- >90 days of gestation
- 70 days of gestation (sheep)
* 150 days in cattle
In BTV, after entering the organism, which are the main sites of virus replication?
a. Intestinal lamina propria, lymphoid associated tissues
b. endothelium and mononuclear paghocytic cells
c. endothelium and intetinal epithelium
d. nasopharyngeal mucosa and regional lymph nodes
b. endothelium and mononuclear paghocytic cells
* Vasculature, draining LNs –> lungs, LNs, spleen
It is fall already, and you are called to assess a newborn calf because of abnormal color of the cornea. After looking at the animal you decide to run some tests, yes, you do suspect of certain infectious disease…
Which animal would you test and what type of diagnostic? Would you be 100% confident this condition is causing the clinical signs?
“White eye calf” lesion –> calves born from cows infected with BTV
Test the dam, ELISA antibody for VP7 protein
- Does not differentiate between natural exposure or MLV
- qPCR → (+) for ~ 6 months → still not proof of disease causality
- Fetus can be born viremic (Ab neg)
You examine a suffolk sheep because of innapetence, weight loss and depression, and you notice a firm mass on the righ ventral abdomen. What is your main differential and how can you help your diagnosis?
- Abomasal dilation and emptying deffect of suffolk sheep
- Increase in ruminal chloride
What is te most comon predisposing cause of naturally occurring omasal transport failure?
- Neoplasia
- Peritonitis
- Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
- Herniation of the GI tract through a diaphragmatic defect
C. Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
?????
What is true of Malignant Catarrhal Fever Viruses?
- There are 10 gamma herpesviruses that are genetically and antigenically related that make up the group of viruses that cause MCF
- Each virus has a reservoir host where infection is typically asymptomatic
- Sheep associated MCF, Ovine herpesvirus type 2, is the primary form observed outside of Africa and primarily affects domestic and wild ruminants.
- OvHV-1, unlike AIHV-1, can be isolated in cell culture
d. OvHV-1, unlike AIHV-1, can be isolated in cell culture
BVDV is known to cause immunosupression and enhance the effect of BHV-1, to mention one example. What is the main mechanism for the immunosupression?
a. Blockage of the MHC-II and downregulation of TLR-5
b. Tropism for antigen presenting cells
c. Direct killing of macrophages
d. Lymphotropism, with ↓CD4+, ↓CD8+, ↓ B lymphos (↓ neutrophils)
d. Lymphotropism, with ↓CD4+, ↓CD8+, ↓ B lymphos (↓ neutrophils)
Two calves were submitted for necropsy, where one calf was noted to have a small brain, lack of hair growth, and was small. The other had a small cerebellum, cataracts in both eyes, and the mandible was shorter than the maxilla. You suspect the presence of BVDV in the herd. Based on the clinical findings you see here, which of the following best follows your suspicions for when infection occurred?
- Within the first 30 days post-conception
- 60 days post conception
- 137 days post conception
- 240 days post conception
C. 137 days post conception
When does mucosal disease, characterized as the most dramatic of BVDV-associated clinical disease due to severity and characteristics of lesions, occurs?
- Cattle that immunotolerant and PI with NCP BVDV becomes infected with a CP BVDV
- Cattle immunotolerant and PI with CP BVDV becomes infected with a CP BVDV
- Cattle immunotolerant and PI with CP BVDV becomes infected with a different strain of CP BVDV
- Cattle immunotolerant and PI with NCP BVDV becomes infected with a different strain of NCP BVDV
a. Cattle that immunotolerant and PI with NCP BVDV becomes infected with a CP BVDV
Describe what has to happen for a PI calf to have fatal mucosa disease. Remember the BVDV strains involved and what happens to them
How could you better diagnose a PI calf?
a) Serology - ELISA for infective antibodies
b. Ag capture ELISA in skin sample
c. RT-PCR in serum samples
d. RT-PCR in skin samples
b. Ag capture ELISA in skin sample
- Post-natal PIs can respond immunologically to heterologous strains of BVDV → PI animals may be seropositive
- Seropositive status cannot be used diagnostically to rule out PI
- Young calves would test negative by virus isolation, microplate virus isolation, and ACE on serum because of inhibition of colostral antibodies
A cow predisposed to hemorrhagic bowel syndrome will most likely be
a. Negative energy balance, 1st lactation
b. Previous DA, Angus cow
c. Elite lactating Holstein cow
d. Lactating Jersey cow, average production
c. Elite lactating Holstein cow
- Lactating dairy cow, ↑ milk production
- ↑ long stem fiber in diet → ↓ in # of cases
????
Of susceptible species to BVDV, which ones are most closely related phylogenetically to cattle, therefore have the highest potential to be infected?
- New and Old World Camelids
- Small Ruminants
- Pigs
- Deer
b. Small Ruminants
In goats and camelids, what is the main feature of Johne’s disease?
a. profuse watery diarrhea
b. Weight loss
c. Ventral edema
d. Lymphadenopathy
b. Weight loss
Best method to prevent MAP infection
a. Vaccination by the state veterinarian
b. Cull daughter of infected cows
c. Prophylaxis with gallium maltolate to all neonates
d. Prevent high susceptible newborns from ingesting manure from infected adults
d. Prevent high susceptible newborns from ingesting manure from infected adults
Colostrum from neg cows, no pooling colostrum, clean teats
What is the most important form of transmission of Johne’s disease?
a. Ingestion of contaminated feces in young calves
b. Ingestion of milk in young calves
c. Transplacental
d. Fomites
a. Ingestion of contaminated feces in young calves
What is true about PIs in BVDV infection?
a. Cytopathic strain, principal reservoir immunocompetent, infected anytime in gestation
b. Non-cytopathic, principal reservoir, immunotolerant, infected prior to day 125 (~80) of gestation
c. Non-cytopathic, risk for mucosal disease, immunocompetent, infected after day 125 of gestation
d. Cytopathic, hemorrhagic syndrome, infected after birth
b. Non-cytopathic, principal reservoir, immunotolerant, infected prior to day 125 (~80) of gestation
What is the most usual portal of entry for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Johne’s Disease)?
A. Intestinal epithelium (Peyer’s Patches)
B. Tonsilar invasion
C. Pentetrating wound
D. Transplacental infection
A. Intestinal epithelium (Peyer’s Patches)
Ingestion → M-cells in intestinal epithelium (ileum)
Why are PIs very efficient transmitters of BVDV virus?
a. Longer survival than other animals
b. After death, high viral load is spread in the environment
c. High viral load in many different tissues, thus shed in most of secretions
d. After birth, placenta is the main source for most adult cattle
c. High viral load in many different tissues, thus shed in most of secretions
So what is the best form to test a PI?
What is an “Acorn calf”?
Calves born from dams that ingested acorns during 2nd trimester pregnancy–>
Short leg bones, abnormal hoofs, short/long narrow head
Mention the 3 clinical syndromes of BVDV infection and 1 of the most characteristic outcomes for each of them
- ______, outcome ______
- ______, outcome ______
- ______, outcome ______
- Acute (transient) infection, outcome: diarrhea, systemic disease
- Fetal infection, outcome: congenital defects
- Persistent infection, outcome: Mucosal disease (but also normal)
What could happen with C. perfringens type A infection?
a. Yellow lamb disease, JHS, abomasitis in calves
b. Lamb dysentery, enterotoxemia in horses
c. Pigbel, struck
d. Pulpy kidney, lamb dysentery
a. Yellow lamb disease, JHS, abomasitis in calves
What is the best diagnsotic test, if you are concern of Johne’s disease, for a 6 year-old cow with diarrhea, poor body condition and submandibular edema?
a. Intradermal Johnin in whole blood
b. Fecal culture
c. Serum ELISA
d. Tissue culture of mesenteric LNs
c. Serum ELISA
Se: subclinical “low shedders” → 15%
Clinical “heavy shedders” → 90%
Sp of ELISA → ~ 100%
Camelids–> PCR feces (serology not useful)
What are excitation factors influencing vagal motor discharge from the Gastric Centers of the Medulla causing increased rumen motility and their respective location/Stimulus?
- Low-tension tension receptors in the reticulum, medial wall, caused by mild distention
- Tension receptors of the abomasum, caused by abomasal distention
- Tension receptors in the medial wall of cranial rumen sac, decreased rumen gas pressure.
- Chemical receptors in the reticulum and rumen caused by increased concentration of undissolved VFAs
a. Low-tension tension receptors in the reticulum, medial wall, caused by mild distention
Parasites in alpacas
See article
Sheep with firm mass in the low right abdomen, pear shaped
Emptying defect of Suffolk sheep
Cause of dummy lamb syndrome
MLV vaccine for BTV to pregnant ewes
Congenital cataracts in a calf
BVDV?
With respect to frothy bloat, therapy
polaxolene effective for tx and for prevention
Site of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
?
Best test for herd screening of BVDV
RT-PCR Pooled samples > Se than virus isolation
Best test to detect PI in BVDV
Antigen detection in tissues IHC, ACE: can be done in young calves
Best treatment for HBS in cattle
surgery and manual massage of bowel
Virulence factor for Bluetongue virus
VP2 caspid protein
Testing for cryptosporidium
*Fluorescein-labelled, monoclonal antibody → gold standard* • Flotation + stain (ZN) • Direct immunofluorescense
Which breed of sheep is more commonly affected with BTV?
Merino
Best indicator of chronic ruminal acidosis (SARA) in dairy herds
decrease butter fat in mill tank
Cause of ovine white liver disease (enzootic marasmus)
Cobalt deficiency
What is the eclipse phase in Johne’s disease?
Silent phase with no shedding and no clinical signs
Cause of enzootic ataxia of sheep and goats, swayback
Copper deficiency, demyelinization
Target organs of BTV
- Upper GI
- Skin
- Lungs
How does Orf mediates vascular permeability?
encodes prot-like mammalian vascular endothelial growth factor
Causative agent of MCF?
OvHV-2
Domestic and wild sheep and goats are asymptomatic reservoirs
OvHV-2 infects which type of cells?
Lymphocytes T –> CD8+ mostly
Prevalence of BVDV in alpacas in the US?
25% of herds are seropositive
6% have PIs
XR, US caval syndrome related:
Chronic ruminal acidosis
Mechanism of frothy bloat
Touch neuroreceptors at cardia
Sites of replication of aphtovirus
Pharyngeal and digestive mucosa Alveolar epithelium of udder
Which salmonella is host specific for cattle?
S. dublin, true carriers
In which disease you can decrease the risk by the use of colostrum replacer?
Johne’s disease (MAP)
What is internal vomiting?
Pyloric outflow failure causing reflux from the abomasun. ↑ ruminal Cl
Measure to avoid infection of lambs with MCF
Separation of lambs from adults at 2 months produces OvHV-2 free sheep
Most common cause of vagal indigestion
Reticuloperitonitis
Diagnosis of cobalt deficieny
Vit B12 concentrations in blood/liver
Calves with hx of melena, dying and thrombocytopenic
BVDV type 2
What is the gold standard diagnosis for BVDV in acute cases?
Virus isolation Mononuclear cells in buffy coat → ideal sample for individual virus isolation in acute infection
What change in diet can decrease the incidence of jejunal hemorrhagic syndrome
↑ long stem fiber in diet
Which animal is the amplifying reservoir for blue tongue virus?
Cattle
I which cells do BTV replicates?
- Endothelial cells
- Mononuclear phagocytic cells –> Macrophages
Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome, causative agent
C. perfringens Type A, a-toxin
Bilateral keratitis in cow, lymphadenopathy, after show
MCF
Diarrhea in 5 month old cattle, just weaned
Coccidia
Secondary abomasal impaction
feeding of coarse roughage
Which serovar of BVDV produces PI animals
Non-cytopathic (NCP)
Type of BVDV causing severe acute and hemorrhagic disease
Type 2 NCP
Life cycle of Cryptosporidium parvum
Fecal-oral transmission of encysted, sporulated oocysts → distal small and large intestine → villous atrophy
Prevention of acorn toxicosis
Calcium hydroxide (Hydrated lime)
Diagnosis for acorn toxicosis
Serum or urinary phenolic content (Hydrolyzed tannin: gallic acid)
White eye calf
BTV infection in cattle
When is the infection of cows with BVDV to induce PI calves?
Infection prior day 125 of gestation (80) ○ Immunotolerant ○ Principal reservoir
How to confirm a LDA?
pH <4.5 by percutaneous aspiration Ultrasound → position of pylorus
Diagnostic test for MCF in animals with clinical disease
PCR Serology better for asymptomatic and reservoirs
Causes of alkaline rumen
High protein or NPN in diet Urea toxicity Poor digestable roughage, simple indigestion
Clinical signs of Johne’s in alpaca and sheep
Chronic weight loss and anemia
Types of vagal indigestion
- Failure of omasal transport 2. Pyloric outflow failure
Crypto and salmonella pathogenesis
May be exacerbated by antibiotic therapy
Johne’s pathophysiology
M cells
Black disease necropsy
C. Novyi type B –> Engorgement of SQ vessels and variable amount of SQ edema and gelatinous exudate in fascial planes. Blood stained serous fluid in large amounts in pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavities.
Cause of abomasal ulcers in calves
Cu deficiency
Best to diagnose PI in BVDV
IHC skin
Causative agent of yellow lamb disease
C. perfringens Type A
Papple abdominal contour, rumen chloride 60
Pyloric outflow obstruction
Cryptosporidium hominis?
Human
Ocular lesion in cattle with MCF
Uveitis, conjunctivitis, corneal opacity → centripetal
Target cell of M. avium subs paratuberculosis
Macrophages Facultative intracellular bacteria
Reservoirs for MCF
Domestic and wild sheep and goats are asymptomatic reservoirs
Test with 90% Se on Johne’s disease in animal with clinical signs
ELISA Se: subclinical “low shedders” → 15% Clinical “heavy shedders” → 90%
How can you produce a OvHV-2 free sheep
Separate lambs from adults ar 2 months of age
VFA 80% E dairy cow
A: P : B –> 70:20:10 if high fiber diet and 60:30:10 if high starch diet
Causative agent of lamb dysentery
C. perfringens Type B, b-toxin
Options to diagnose MAP in cows with clinical signs
ELISA PCR (high PV)
Secretory diarrhea in 14 day old calf
Rotavirus? Cryptosporidium?
Cow with sx of HBS relation
most common in high producing cows during first weeks of lactation
Best test in camelids for MAP infection
Fecal PCR Serology not useful
How is the development of acute mucosal disease in BVDV?
PI is infected with a CP strain that is a mutation from the NCP (homologous)
Localization of MAP in the intestine
M cells in the epithelium of the ileum and then overlies Peyer’s patches
Which disease can be prevented by use of a serum derived colostrum replacer?
MAP
Effect of C. perfringens type A in neonatal calves
Ruminal and abomasal timpany, abomasitis, abomasal ulceration
Which are the 3 types of infection produced by BVDV
- Acute transient
- Fetal infection
- Persistent infected
Pulpy kidney (overeating disease)
Cl Perfingens type D –> pronounced hyperglycemia (glucosuria) –> necropsy: vasculitis (excess pericardial and thoracic fluid), rapid autolysis kidney
Parameters for poor short-term prognosis in cases of abomasal volvulus
Serum Cl <79mEq/L Base excess < -0.1 Anion gap >30mEq/L
Prevention for pulpy kidney disease
Vaccinate twice before arrival to the feedlot Type D antitoxin Adjust diet
Cells involved in the pathogenesis of MCF
Lymphocytes (T lymphocytes CD8+) Lymphoproliferative disease
Risk factor for pulpy kidney disease in sheep
Animals fed highly nutritious diet (grain-fed livestock)
Causative agent of winter dysentery
Bovine coronavirus
Best test to detect animals in the eclipse phase of MAP
Intradermal Johnin test (Immune based) Blood, detects IFN-g Unreliable
Best sample for diagnosis of Peste des Petit Ruminants in life goats
Lymph node biopsy after day 3
Also called Goat Plague, Pest of Small Ruminants, or Stomatitis-Pneumoenteritis Syndrome. Is cause by a single-stranded ribonucleic acid (ssRNA) virus from the Paramyxoviridae family (Subfamily Paramyxovirinae and Morbillivirus Genus).
Morbidity is higher among goats than sheep.
Clinical Signs include fever, depression, inappetence, necrosis of mucosa, and ocular, nasal, and oral mucopurulent discharge.
It can also affect wild ungulates, its transmission is through aerosols and direct contact with ocular, nasal, and oral secretions.
Prevention of phalaris staggers
Cobalt, but not effective as treatment
Which bacteria is increased in cases of grain overload in ruminants?
Strep. bovis, ↑ lactic acid as end product
Salmonella dublin
Eliminated in milk and colostrum and high risk of infection of calves
Which are the sites of replication for Bluetongue virus?
endothelium and mononuclear phagocytic cells (macrophages)
