food addititves to alcohol Flashcards
__________group in monosaccharides is very reactive and prone
to the nucleophilic attacks from alcohols, amines, etc
Carbonyl
what is acyclic form?
straight form
what is the cyclic form?
circle form
when it is more acyclic it is a better _________ compound
reducing
Sucrose is a __________sugar
through a glycosidic bond between
two reducing carbons in glucose and
fructose.
non‐reducing
______________ resist heat, water, oil, grease and
stains, and are found in many food contact items
Perfluorochemicals (PFCs)
Concept of neo‐formed contaminants (NFCs): compounds
forming during _________________________________________and exhibiting possible harmful effects to humans
food preparation processes (mainly through
heating)
‐Carbohydrate: sucrose/fructose →
(heating)→ hydroxymethylfurfural
‐Lipids: PUFAs → (heating‐induced
lipid peroxidation) → lipid peroxides;
unsaturated aldehydes; etc.
is steric acid cic. trans or saturated?
saturated
is elaidic acid cic. trans or saturated?
trans
is oleic acid cic. trans or saturated?
cis
zero trans fats does not mean none, just less than 0.5 grams per serving
true!!
what are some mutagens from cooking?
draw pictures? acrylamide, nitrosamides, PAHs
- Mutagenicity of HCAs is ________‐dependent.
imidazoquinoline (IQ) compounds are highly
mutagenic.
structure
look at carcinogenicity of HCAs
where does PhIP come from?
most abundant HCA from cooked meat
- PhIP is formed by the _________ reaction during cooking.
Maillard
look at formation of phiP on page 3
PhIP is highest in ________- meat
chicken
metabolism of PhIP?
apiaceous veggies? root
Furanocoumarins from apiaceous
vegetables can effectively inhibit
CYP1A2.
what is produced in fermentation of pyruvate? in yeast
ethanol
what is produced in fermentation of pyruvate? in humans?
lactate
fetal alcohol syndrom (FAS) is caused by irreverible damages with alcohol consumption. The facial features are due to ____________.
cell death
one alcoholic drink has ______of ethanol
1/2 oz
explain the adme of ethanol
- Absorption: passive diffusion in
stomach and small intestine (rapid)
‐‐‐emptying time of the stomach
‐‐‐alcohol concentration - Metabolism: mainly occurs in the
liver, but also in other organs - Distribution: quick diffusion into
the organs (brain, lung, muscle)
and crossing of BBB and placenta - Excretion:
‐‐‐as unchanged form through exhalation and sweating
‐‐‐as CO2 and water if used for energy metabolism
‐‐‐as phase II conjugates (glucuronide and sulfate) in urine
- Ethanol metabolism is a partial reversal of __________ fermentation
anaerobic
go over ethanol metabolism
write it out
ethanol metabolism makes ____________
acetaldehyde then acetate
CH3CH2OH + NAD+ CH3CHO + NADH + H+
Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs)
CH3CH2OH + O2 + NADPH +H+ CH3CHO + NADP+ + 2H2O
- Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
deficiency in _______ leads to acute alcohol intoxication
ALDH2
CH3CH2OH + 2NAD+ + CoA‐SH CH3CO‐SCoA + 2NADH + 2H+
- Equation of ADH‐ALDH pathway
