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Geography AS > Food > Flashcards

Food Flashcards

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1
Q

Green revolution term

A
  • this term is used to describe a series of transformations in agricultural practice in many parts of the developing world
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2
Q

Why green revolution

A
  • eradicate famine
  • increase food production
  • change LEDC subsistence farming to commercial farming (western values)
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3
Q

Biochemical transformation

A

(Green Rev)

  • achieved by increasing crop yields: using HYV variations of rice
  • used MEDC technology to raise production levels
  • seed selection, fertilisers, pesticides: increase yields and avoid animal interference
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4
Q

Who is Norman Borlaug?

A
  • been called the father of the Green Revolution as he began producing high yield varieties of rice: starting in Mexico 1943
  • since has won a Nobel peace prize and been credited with saving more than 1 billion people from starvation
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5
Q

Mechanical improvements

A

(Green Rev)
IRRIGATION: artificial application of water to the land or soil, used to aid the growth of artificial crops and to dry areas, also prevents weeds growing

FARM MECHANISMS: increasing the use of machines to farm, increase outputs and reduce the amount of hard labour

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6
Q

Soil transformations / Land reform

A

(Green Rev)
People were stuck in a cycle of subsistence farming: this helped change the outdated cultural reactions of land ownership

HOW?

  • joining smaller inefficient family land holding: make bigger profits
  • lending money to farmers
  • improving rural roads: transport links: better access to domestic and world markets

BUT had catastrophic impacts on many small farmers

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7
Q

Effects of the Green Rev?

A
  • in less than 5 years, yields of rice, wheat and maize rose by up to 40% in many countries in Asia (India and Bangladesh)
  • almost 90% of wheat fields have this in Asia
  • saved over 1 billion people
  • lots of innovations but also lots of consequences
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8
Q

+ve Green Rev

A
  • some employment
  • local infrastructure improved
  • yields increased 3-5 times than traditional
  • multiple cropping: more crops per year/ season
  • varied crops: varied diet
  • surplus: sell: improved standard of living: improve work: machines: positive cycle
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9
Q

-ve Green Rev

A
  • poorer families could not afford to set this up: lose business to the bigger people
  • borrow money: large debts: in corrupt business’ hands
  • looks to be helping but only the Roundup fertilisers work: expensive: debt: money to big business
  • personally and environmentally damaging
  • new machinery: can’t keep running / loss of jobs
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10
Q

CASY STUDY: CEREALS

in LEDCS

A
  • demand is higher than ever
  • becoming more dependant as populations rise
  • the net cereal imports of these countries rose from 39 million tonnes a year in the mid 70s to 130 million tonnes in 97-99
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11
Q

CASE STUDY: CEREALS

the big producers

A
  • traditionally Australia, N America, Argentina and Uruguay
  • now they have rivals: the EU
  • from being one of the biggest importers in the 70-80s: they are now one of the biggest exporters
  • lots of help from gvt to do this
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12
Q

CASE STUDY: CEREALS

world trade

A
  • production of cereals has grown rapidly since the 60s
  • in the 80-90s demand for cereals started to come from NICs: wanting to feed their working population: produce went up for everybody
  • some counties were importing cereals just to feed their livestock: HOWEVER Japan stopped this and just import meat
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13
Q

CASE STUDY: CEREALS

why so important?

A
  • rich source of carbs: essential for energy and survival
  • basis for most people’s diets: in some LEDCs their entire diets
  • around 35% of our cereals are made for livestock
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14
Q

CASE STUDY: CEREALS

the basics

A

Cereals: a grass crop: starchy grains used for food: usually a staple part of a diet
Types: maize, barley, wheat, oats etc
- the amount is ever growing: Maize (61- 205m / 05-711m) barley (61- 72m / 05- 139m)
- change over seasons: malting and livestock when too cold for wheat

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15
Q

Define glacier

A

A mass of ice, moving slowly

POLAR/ICE SHEET: mass covering the land

VALLEY: a tongue shaped mass of ice, moving slowly down a valley

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16
Q

Define ice sheet

A

A body of ice covering an area of at least 50000km2 they are dome shaped and ice flows outwards from the centre
(Today’s ice sheets cover Antarctica and Greenland, with smaller sheets covering areas of Iceland, Spitsburg and Norway)

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17
Q

Define ice ages

A

The common term for the period when there were major cold phases with glaciers and ice sheets covering large areas of the world (the last ice ages lasted from about 2 million years ago to about 10000 BP)

18
Q

Define fluvioglacial

A

Processes and landforms associated with the action of glacial meltwater

19
Q

Define periglacial

A

Processes and landforms associated with the fringe of, and area rear and ice age or glacier: permantley frozen ground

20
Q

Define tundra

A

A vast flat, treeless arctic region in which the subsoil is permantely frozen (Europe and North America)

21
Q

Reasons why environments are cold

A
  • high latitudes (less solar radiation)
  • high altitudes (lower air pressure)
  • reflection (85-90% reflected by snow)
  • sun angle (atmosphere length longer: reflection higher)
  • middle of the continent (far away from the sea)
  • less water vapour (less warmth trapped)
  • few day light hours (lack of energy)
  • lots of ice (makes cold air sink)
22
Q

The movement of a glacier

A
  • compressing flow
  • extended flow
  • basal flow (slippage)
  • creep
  • surges
  • rotational flow
  • internal flow
23
Q

Compressing flow

A

Occurs when there’s a reduction in the gradient of the valley floor leading to ice deceleration and thickening of ice mass: leads to increased erosion

24
Q

Extending flow

A

Occurs when valley gradient becomes steeper: ice accelerates and becomes thinner: reduces erosion

25
Q

Basal flow

A

Ice moves along the bed rock: frictions causing melt water: acts as a lubricant making the ice slide and mover faster

26
Q

Creep

A

Occurs when stress builds up within a glacier: behaves like a plastic: moves around obstacles

27
Q

Surges

A

Excessive build up of melt water causes the glacier to move rapidly: even 250-300m in a day
(This creates a hazard for people living in the glacial valley below the snout)

28
Q

Rotational flow

A

Usually occurs in a corrode: the downhill movement can cause the ice to pivot

29
Q

Internal flow

A

Occurs when ice crystals orientate themselves in the direction of glacial movement and slide past each other: as surface ice moves faster, crevasses develop

30
Q

CASE STUDY BOSCASTLE

basics / what happened

A
  • 16th August 2004
  • BOSCASTLE Cornwall England (MEDC)
  • 200m of rainfall in 24 hours (most in 3 hours)
  • peak intensity of ppt was 300mm p/h
  • embankments failed to protect
  • tarmacked roads/parking acted as a false river bed: flash floods (Old Road)
  • England’s wettest year since records began in 1910
31
Q

CASE STUDY BOCASTLE

causes

A
  • urbanisation (particularly on flood plains): impermeable surfaces
  • farming (ploughing up and down rather than across): created channels for rain water
  • deforestation of natural environments (wetlands and grasslands): increase run off
  • convergence of River Jordan and River Valency: centre of BOSCASTLE
  • geology: underlying rock is granite: high run off
32
Q

CASE STUDY BOSCASTLE

impacts

A
  • 23,000 homes without power
  • 58 properties flooded: 4 washed away
  • 116 cars swept away: 32 never seen
  • 300 metres worth of sewer pipes were blocked or washed away
  • 4 ft bridges were swept away
  • emergency services were overwhelmed
33
Q

CASE STUDY BOSCASTLE

key players

A
  • fire services: saved people that were tropes: pumped water out of houses
  • police: saved lives
  • environment agencies: monitored water levels: issues flood warnings
  • local authorities: community
34
Q

CASE STUDY BOSCASTLE

responses

A
  • build houses on raised platforms
  • widen and lower river valency (move capacity)
  • improve culvert: to carry move excess water away after heavy rain
  • flood warning box: agency
  • replace low bridges with high bridges
  • braided river channel to slow flow: river deposits large sediment before it reaches channel
35
Q

CASE STUDY BANGLADESH

basics

A
  • 1998
  • one of the most densely populated countries: has a population of 125m inhabitants
  • one of the poorest countries in the world: GNP of $200 per head
  • experiences floods and tropical storms every year
36
Q

CASE STUDY BANGLADESH

physical causes

A
  • 70% of the total area is less that 1m above sea level
  • most of the country consists of huge flood plains and deltas
  • 10% of the land area is made up of lakes and river
  • convergence (the Ganges, the Meghna and the Brahmaputra)
  • snow melt from the Himalayas
37
Q

CASE STUDY BANGLADESH

human causes

A
  • global warming: increase sea levels
  • urbanisation of flood plains: magnitude and frequency of floods increase
  • poorly maintenance of embankments
  • deforestation in Nepal and the Himalayas
  • buildings of dans in India has increased the problem of sediment in Bangladesh
38
Q

CASE STUDY BANGLADESH

effects

A
  • over 1300 people killed
  • 7m homes destroyed: 25m left homeless
  • serious shortage of food and water
  • 2m tonnes of rice destroyed
  • 112 cattle and poultry were lost
  • spread of disease: Bronchitis and cholera
  • over 57% of the land area was flooded
39
Q

CASE STUDY BANGLADESH

ST flood management

A
  • boats to rescue people
  • emergency water, food, tents and medics
  • fodder for livestock
  • repair building (homes) as well as services (sewage)
  • aid from other countries
40
Q

CASE STUDY BANGLADESH

LT responses

A
  • create flood water storage areas
  • develop an effective flood warning system
  • reduce deforestation in Nepal and Himalayas
  • build 5000 shelters
  • build 7 large fans in Bangladesh to store excess water: $30-$40m and 40 years to complete
  • build 350km of embankment: 7m high: $6 billion

Geography AS (2 decks)

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