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pathology > FOM > Flashcards

FOM Flashcards

1
Q

What is an autopsy?

A
  • used to determine cause of death and learn about the disease a person had when they died
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2
Q

Reasons for an autopsy

A
  • investigate death that is/may be unnatural
  • educational purposes
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3
Q

What is coroner?

A
  • determines who died, how, when and where they met their death
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4
Q

What are the different types of autopsies?

A
  • coronial
  • consented
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5
Q

What is a coronial autopsy?

A
  • investigate cause of death
  • under jurisdiction of coroner
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6
Q

What is a consented autopsy?

A
  • cause of death is known. education, research
  • family-consented
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7
Q

What is inflammation?

A

coordinated response by vascularised tissue to injury or presence of micro-organisms

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8
Q

What two events occur in inflammation?

A
  • vascular events
    -cellular events
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9
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  • redness
  • swelling
  • pain
  • heat
  • loss of function
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10
Q

What comprises the vascular events of inflammation?

A
  • increased blood flow
  • increased permeability of endothelium
  • protein-rich plasma fluid enters tissue
  • consequences of exudate
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11
Q

How does blood flow increase to capillaries in inflammation?

A
  • pre-capillary sphincter muscle relaxes increasing blood supply
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12
Q

How is exudate formed in inflammation?

A
  • blood plasma passes out of bloodstream into extravascular space through gaps of cells
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13
Q

What is consequence of exudate forming in inflammation?

A
  • increased lymphatic flow and collection of oedema fluid (swelling)
  • can lead to capacity of local lymphatic vessels being exceeded and plasma collecting in tissues
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14
Q

What are the two main parts of cellular events in inflammation?

A
  • adhesion
  • emigration
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15
Q

How do neutrophils adhere to endothelial cells?

A
  • endothelial cells stimulated to increase number of cells adhesion molecules (transmembrane proteins)
  • neutrophils have specific receptors so now are able to adhere to endothelial cell
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16
Q

What characterises acute inflammation?

A
  • rapid, short duration
  • dilation of small vessels
  • increase permeability of microvascular
  • emigration of leucocytes from microcirculation
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17
Q

What are two most important phagocyte in acute inflammation?

A
  • macrophages: cell-cell interaction, secretion of cytokines, antigen presentation
  • neutrophils
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18
Q

What is opsonisation?

A
  • immune system coats bacteria with proteins which increase phagocyte affinity towards
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19
Q

What two pathways are involved in acute inflammation mechanisms?

A
  • oxygen-dependent
  • oxygen-independent
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20
Q

Describe the oxygen-independent pathway of acute inflammation

A
  • rely on pre-formed toxic substances e.g. lysosomes
  • fuse with phagocytic vacuole and release enzymes into it. phagolysosome
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21
Q

Describe the oxygen-dependent pathway of acute inflammation

A
  • variety of highly reactive oxygen species
  • uses large amounts of ATP and describe as ‘respiratory burst’. Enzymes involved located in membrane of phagolysosome
22
Q

What characterises chronic inflammation?

A
  • prolonged reaction to stimuli
  • inflammation, tissue injury and scarring
  • bind to receptors of target cells
23
Q

What are cytokines?

A
  • inflammatory mediators produced or activated at site when required.
  • bind to receptors of target cells
24
Q

Describe fibrosis produced by granulation tissue

A
  • endothelial cells, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and inflammatory cells
  • looks red, granular surface
  • maturation: new blood supply, increase of collagen, dense fibrous tissue
  • function: produce a scar which restores physical integrity of body
25
Q

What is necrosis?

A
  • tissue that has died within an otherwise living organism
  • used for macroscopic appearance of tissue that’s died
26
Q

What is gangrene?

A
  • particular type of necrosis generally meaning discoloured, infected dead tissue
27
Q

Describe gangrene

A
  • infection can spread to other parts of body, gangrenous tissue becomes weak
  • weakness can cause walls of organs to break down, producing hole or rupture
28
Q

What is dry gangrene?

A
  • tissue dies and extremity takes on mummified appearance
  • can affect limbs when blood supply is poor
29
Q

What are the different types of necrosis?

A
  • coagulative
  • liquefactive
  • caseous
  • fat
  • fibrinoid
  • hemorrhagic
30
Q

What necrosis typically occurs in the brain?

A
  • liquefactive
  • due to hydrolytic enzyme release
31
Q

What is apoptosis?

A
  • programmed cell death
  • damage of lesser severity
  • occurs as part of normal physiology and growth
32
Q

Describe key features of apoptosis

A
  • requires ATP
  • cell shrinks, nucleus becomes more dense, breaks up and organelles fragment
  • caspases: initiate by activating executioner caspases in cascade system
33
Q

What do apoptotic bodies express on their outer membrane?

A
  • phosphatidylserine
  • many cells have receptors for this can so can bind to bodies and phagocytose them
34
Q

What are the mechanisms of apoptosis?

A
  • lack of GF/hormones
  • ligand-receptor interaction
  • 3 stages : initiation, execution and disposal
35
Q

What is the difference between ischaemia and hypoxia?

A
  • ischaemia is lack of sufficient blood supply
  • hypoxia is lack of oxygen in blood
36
Q

What is a granuloma?

A
  • several epitheliod cells aggregated together in a mass
  • ball of epitheliod macrophages with scattered lymphocytes
37
Q

What is the inflammation where granulomas are found?

A
  • granulomatous inflammation
  • tends to usually occur when cause of inflammation is difficult for macrophages to digest
38
Q

What is a giant cell?

A
  • macrophages which fuse together. multi-nucleated
  • appears when more than more macrophage tries to ingest same object resulting in mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei in it
39
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A
  • enlargement of tissue or organ by enlargement of size of cells
  • functional capacity also increased
40
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A
  • enlargement of tissue/organ by an increase of number of cells
  • not seen in skeletal/cardiac muscle or nerve cells
41
Q

What is atrophy?

A
  • reduction in mass of tissue/organ by reduction in cell size, number or both
  • by apoptosis
  • can be both normal or abnormal
42
Q

What is metaplasia?

A
  • change of one mature tissue into another
  • benign and reversible process
43
Q

What is the -oma suffix meaning?

A
  • benign tumour
44
Q

What is the carcinoma suffix meaning?

A
  • malignant epithelial tumour
45
Q

What is the -sarcoma suffix meaning?

A
  • malignant non-epithelial tumour
  • applies to connective tissue and bone
46
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A
  • abnormal mass of tissue, growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue
  • purposeless proliferation
47
Q

Explain tumour grade

A
  • extent to which tumour resembles tissue of origin
  • 1-3: well-poorly differentiated
48
Q

What is the neoplasia structure comprised of?

A
  • neoplastic cells (parenchyma) and connective tissue which vascular supply is essential for growth
49
Q

What does the tumour microenvironment (TME) include?

A
  • stromal cells, cancer stem cells, immune cells and vasculature
50
Q
A

pathology (1 decks)

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