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Haematology > FOM > Flashcards

FOM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of manufacturing blood?

A
  • haematopoiesis
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2
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur?

A
  • foetal: yolk sac, liver and spleen
  • after birth: bone marrow
  • adult: normally confined to central skeleton
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3
Q

What are the roles of stromal cells?

A
  • secret extracellular molecules to EMC, GFs, adhesion molecules
  • provide support for stem cells and keep them viable
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4
Q

Why are stem cells critical in haematopoiesis?

A
  • able to self-replicate, proliferate and differentiate
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5
Q

What is the process of the producing RBC?

A
  • erythropoiesis
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6
Q

What is the GF important in erythropoiesis?

A
  • erythropoietin
  • produced in the kidney
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7
Q

Describe RBC membrane structure

A
  • lipid layer: phospholipids + cholesterol
  • proteins: membrane integral proteins which attach carbohydrates and membrane skeleton
  • carbohydrates: attached to external surface (determine blood groups)
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8
Q

What are the five major classes of WBC?

A
  • neutrophil
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
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9
Q

Characteristics of neutrophils

A
  • mobile in tissue, chemotactic and phagocytotic
  • rich in toxins and enzymes for bacterial killing
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10
Q

What does neutrophil maturation involve?

A
  • involves progressive acquisition of granules and lobulation of nucleus
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11
Q

Characteristics of monocytes

A
  • phagocytose and destroy pathogens and cellular debris
  • process and present antigens to cells of immune system
  • produce cytokines governing haematopoiesis, inflammation and other cell processes
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12
Q

Characteristic of lymphocyte

A
  • undergoes differentiation and proliferation into B cells and T cells
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13
Q

What is leukaemia?

A
  • malignant disorders of blood and bone marrow
  • acute: marrow replaced by immature malignant blast cells. Unable to perform functions of normal ones
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14
Q

What is haemostasis?

A
  • body’s normal physiological response for the prevention and stopping of bleeding/haemorrhage
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15
Q

What are the functions of platelets in haemostasis?

A
  • adhesion: attach to vessel via interaction with endothelium wall. activation
  • aggregation: attach to each other
  • degranulation and amplification: release granule content
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15
Q

What are the steps of haemostasis?

A
  • vessel wall vasoconstriction. Prevent blood flow to area
  • platelets. Initial platelet plug.
  • Coagulation cascade. Stable haemostatic plug
16
Q

Structure of platelets

A
  • membrane: lipid bilayer. Phospholipids need for activation of factors
  • cytoplasm: contains enzyme COX (cyclo-oxygenase) promotes degranulation
17
Q

What is primary haemostasis?

A
  • sub endothelium is exposed. Platelet adhesion, aggregation and cascade is triggered
  • vessel wall contracts
  • effectiveness relies on normal quality of blood vessel, quality and function of platelets
18
Q

What segments form the coagulation cascade?

A
  • extrinsic
  • intrinsic
  • common
19
Q

Describe the extrinsic pathway of coagulation cascade

A
  • TF in cell surface found outside blood vessels but not on circulating blood cells or endothelium
  • Factor VII forms complex triggering Factor X
  • triggers common pathway
20
Q

Describe the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade

A
  • surface damage of vascular endothelium leads to exposure of clotting factors to negatively charged sub endothelial surfaces
  • Factor XII, FXI, FIX, FVIII
  • Factor IXa combines with FVIIIa, platelet membrane phospholipids and Ca ions to produce thrombin
  • activates common pathway
21
Q

Describe the common pathway of coagulation cascade

A

-activation of FX to FXa via extrinsic or intrinsic
- leads to formation of thrombin and fibrin
- FVa combines with FV platelet membrane phospholipids and Ca ions to produce thrombin
- thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

22
Q

Ways of avoiding excess of thrombosis

A
  • coagulation inhibitors
  • fibrinolysis: reversal. Fibrin destruction
23
Q

How does the ABO blood groups relate to RBC membrane?

A
  • membrane contains carbohydrates attached to external surface.
24
Q

What type of antibodies are naturally occurring against non-self ABO antigen?

A
  • IgM
25
Q

What type of antibodies are non-ABO antibodies?

A
  • IgG
26
Q

What are the two broad categories of non-ABO antibodies?

A
  • autoantibody: antibody produced by self, targets own antigen
  • alloantibody: antibody produced by self, targets foreign antigen
27
Q

In what situations can an individual be exposed to foreign red cell antigens?

A
  • red cell transfusion: via exposure
  • pregnancy: via contact between maternal and foreign foetal blood
  • transplant
28
Q

What can happen in case of re-exposure to foreign antigen?

A
  • alloantibody will bind to foreign red cell antigen which could lead to haemolysis
29
Q

What are the Vitamin K dependent factors?

A
  • FX, FIX, FVII, FII
30
Q
A

Haematology (1 decks)

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