Folie 6

Question 1

In der letzten Sitzung haben wir uns beschäftig mit kultureller Sinn- und Identitätsstiftung sowie der Frage nach einer europäischen Identität. Dabei wurde auch die kulturelle Vielfalt angesprochen, die kennzeichnend für Europa/die EU ist. Daran knüpfen wir an und wollen diese nun sichtbarer machen. (1)

Answer 1

In the last session we dealt with the creation of cultural meaning and identity as well as the question of a European identity. The cultural diversity that is characteristic of Europe/the EU was also addressed. We are building on that and now want to make it more visible

Question 2

Zunächst soll ein kurzer Überblick gegeben werden zu zentralen Konzepten der Kulturwissenschaften, die hierbei beachtet werden sollten. (1)

Answer 2

First, a brief overview will be given of the central concepts of cultural studies that should be considered here.

Question 3

Kulturelle Generalisierung:

“Nearly all _______ beliefs are represented in all cultures at all times, but each ________ _____ has a preference for some beliefs over ______.

The _________ of this preference, derived from large-group _______, is a cultural __________. Of course, individuals can be _____ in any culture who hold beliefs similar to people in a different _______.

There just aren’t so many of them – they don’t ______ the preponderance of people who hold ______ closer to the norm or “central _______” of the group.” (2)

Answer 3

Kulturelle Generalisierung:

“Nearly all possible beliefs are represented in all cultures at all times, but each different culture has a preference for some beliefs over others.

The description of this preference, derived from large-group research, is a cultural generalization. Of course, individuals can be found in any culture who hold beliefs similar to people in a different culture.

There just aren’t so many of them – they don’t represent the preponderance of people who hold beliefs closer to the norm or “central tendency” of the group.”

Question 4

Stereotypisierung: “Kognitive Schemata und Fremdbilder, die auf einem Minimum persönlicher Erfahrung basieren und reduzierte und starre Annahmen über Eigenschaften oder Verhaltensweisen von Personen anderskultureller sozialer Gruppen machen. (…) vereinfachende und schematisierende Aussagen (…). (…) sie beschreiben (…) das erwartete Verhalten, das man allen Mitgliedern einer Gruppe zuschreibt.” (Barmeyer 2012, 150)
Vorurteile: “vorgefertigte, meist negative Wertungen, die ohne die Kenntnis von Fakten gebildet wurden” (Barmeyer 2012, 150) (3)

Answer 4

Stereotyping: “Cognitive schemes and external images that are based on a minimum of personal experience and make reduced and rigid assumptions about the characteristics or behavior of people from different cultural social groups. (…) simplifying and schematizing statements (…). (…) they describe (…) the expected behavior that is ascribed to all members of a group.” (Barmeyer 2012, 150)
Prejudices: “prefabricated, mostly negative evaluations that were formed without knowledge of facts” (Barmeyer 2012, 150)

Question 5

Ethnozentrismus
“Normen und Auffassungen der eigenen Gruppe oder Gesellschaft [werden unreflektiert] auf andere Gruppen oder Gesellschaften übertr[agen]” (4)

Answer 5

ethnocentrism

“Norms and views of one’s own group or society [are transferred without reflection] to other groups or societies”

Question 6

Ethnozentrismus:

“eigenkulturelle[s], durch Sozialisation entwickelte[s] Referenzsystem von Werten und Praktiken (…) dient als Maßstab, um andere kulturelle Gruppen zu beurteilen (4)

Answer 6

“Individual culture[s], developed[s] through socialization reference system of values ​​and practices (…) serves as a benchmark to judge other cultural groups

Question 7

Ethnozentrismus:

“der eigene unreflektierte Standpunkt [wird] als normal angesehen” (4)

Answer 7

one’s own unreflected point of view [is] considered normal”

Question 8

Ethnorelativismus
“Bereitschaft, die eigenen Normen und Auffassungen zu hinterfragen und zu relativieren und die Normen und Auffassungen anderer Gruppen oder Gesellschaften zu akzeptieren, zu verstehen und als ebenbürtig zu achten.” (4)

Answer 8

ethnorelativism
“Willingness to question and relativize one’s own norms and views and to accept, understand and respect the norms and views of other groups or societies as equals.”

Question 9

Emische (emic) vs. etische (etic) Kulturbeschreibung

(5)

Answer 9

Emic (emic) vs. etic (etic) culture description

Question 10

Emic Culture

Answer 10

Emic refers to the insider’s account or perspective (Pike, 1954), which was traditionally seen as being more subjective and culture-specific. The goal of the emic perspective was to fully understand the culture through deep anthropological understanding and full immersion.

Question 11

Etic Culture

Answer 11

Specifically, ‘etic’ refers to research that studies cross-cultural differences, whereas ‘emic’ refers to research that fully studies one culture with no (or only a secondary) cross-cultural focus.

Question 12

Emischer Ansatz
Forschende nehmen “einen Standpunkt innerhalb des Systems [der untersuchten Kultur] ein[ ]”, “Innenperspektive”
Verwendung von “Konzepte[n]” und Methoden, “die aus Sicht der Angehörigen der untersuchten kulturellen Gruppe angemessen, relevant und sinnvoll erscheinen”
meist kein Kulturvergleich möglich (5)

Answer 12

emic approach
Researchers take “a point of view within the system [of the culture studied][ ]”, “internal perspective”
Use of “concept[s]” and methods “that appear appropriate, relevant and meaningful from the point of view of the members of the cultural group under investigation”
mostly no culture comparison possible(5)

Question 13

Etischer Ansatz
Forschende nehmen “Standpunkt außerhalb des Systems ein[ ]”, “Außenperspektive”
Verwendung von Konzepten und Methoden, “die den Forschern selbst angemessen und sinnvoll erscheinen”
Wahl kulturübergreifender Untersuchungsparameter, Kulturvergleich möglich (5)

Answer 13

Ethical approach
Researchers take “point of view outside the system[ ]”, “outside perspective”
Use of concepts and methods “that seem appropriate and meaningful to the researchers themselves”
Choice of cross-cultural examination parameters, culture comparison possible

Question 14

Beispiel Irland*
e.g. facts and statistics, core concepts, language and communication, religion and beliefs, dates of significance, do’s and don’ts, business culture, social etiquette and customs …

Core Concepts**
______, Humour, Ingenuity, ________, Patriotism, _______, Mateship
The Irish are proud of their _______ and their perseverance through struggles such as the _______ ______ (1845), the _____ War for Independence (1919-1921) and ongoing tensions with Northern Ireland (6)

Answer 14

Core Concepts**
Modesty, Humour, Ingenuity, Creativity, Patriotism, Warmth, Mateship
The Irish are proud of their identity and their perseverance through struggles such as the Potato Famine (1845), the Irish War for Independence (1919-1921) and ongoing tensions with Northern Ireland

Question 15

Beispiel weiter:

The Republic of Ireland occupies five-____ of the island of Ireland. The remaining one-sixth of the island is occupied by Northern Ireland, which is a part of the ______ Kingdom. The two regions share a long and turbulent history. The nature of the _____ is complex and deeply entangled with other factors, particularly _______. One of the distinguishing factors between the two regions is that Northern Ireland is mainly _________ Christian, whereas the Republic of Ireland is predominantly Catholic Christian.
The two areas have been _______ from one another for almost 100 years, which began with the Irish War of Independence (1919-19__), a conflict between the British state and Irish republican independence fighters in the Irish Republican Army. The near-100 years of separation have resulted in diverging patterns of national cultural development, which is evident ______ ________, dialect, accent, religion, _______, sport and music. (7)

Answer 15

The Republic of Ireland occupies five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The remaining one-sixth of the island is occupied by Northern Ireland, which is a part of the United Kingdom. The two regions share a long and turbulent history. The nature of the history is complex and deeply entangled with other factors, particularly religion. One of the distinguishing factors between the two regions is that Northern Ireland is mainly Protestant Christian, whereas the Republic of Ireland is predominantly Catholic Christian.
The two areas have been separated from one another for almost 100 years, which began with the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921), a conflict between the British state and Irish republican independence fighters in the Irish Republican Army. The near-100 years of separation have resulted in diverging patterns of national cultural development, which is evident through language, dialect, accent, religion, politics, sport and music.

Question 16

Pt 3 Ireland:

Within Northern Ireland, most citizens typically identify as British. The largest minority population in _______ Ireland are those who identify with the Republic of Ireland. The relationship between the groups is tense and deeply _______ to the tensions between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. These tensions manifested in a _-year (1968-1998) conflict within Northern Ireland known as ‘The Troubles.’ The heart of the conflict lay in the __________ status of Northern Ireland. At its ____, the Troubles reflected two mutually exclusive visions of national identity and national belonging. Some _____ wished to remain within the United Kingdom, while others wished for Northern Ireland to be a part of the _________ of _______. (8)

Answer 16

Within Northern Ireland, most citizens typically identify as British. The largest minority population in Northern Ireland are those who identify with the Republic of Ireland. The relationship between the groups is tense and deeply connected to the tensions between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. These tensions manifested in a 30-year (1968-1998) conflict within Northern Ireland known as ‘The Troubles.’ The heart of the conflict lay in the constitutional status of Northern Ireland. At its core, the Troubles reflected two mutually exclusive visions of national identity and national belonging. Some citizens wished to remain within the United Kingdom, while others wished for Northern Ireland to be a part of the Republic of Ireland.

Question 17

The Republic of Ireland occupies five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The remaining one-sixth of the island is occupied by Northern Ireland, which is a part of the United Kingdom. The two regions share a long and turbulent history. The nature of the history is complex and deeply entangled with other factors, particularly religion. One of the distinguishing factors between the two regions is that Northern Ireland is mainly Protestant Christian, whereas the Republic of Ireland is predominantly Catholic Christian. (7)

Answer 17

The Republic of Ireland occupies five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The remaining one-sixth of the island is occupied by Northern Ireland, which is a part of the United Kingdom. The two regions share a long and turbulent history. The nature of the history is complex and deeply entangled with other factors, particularly religion. One of the distinguishing factors between the two regions is that Northern Ireland is mainly Protestant Christian, whereas the Republic of Ireland is predominantly Catholic Christian.

Question 18

The two areas have been separated from one another for almost 100 years, which began with the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921), a conflict between the British state and Irish republican independence fighters in the Irish Republican Army. The near-100 years of separation have resulted in diverging patterns of national cultural development, which is evident through language, dialect, accent, religion, politics, sport and music. (7 pt 2)

Answer 18

The two areas have been separated from one another for almost 100 years, which began with the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921), a conflict between the British state and Irish republican independence fighters in the Irish Republican Army. The near-100 years of separation have resulted in diverging patterns of national cultural development, which is evident through language, dialect, accent, religion, politics, sport and music.

Question 19

Within Northern Ireland, most citizens typically identify as British. The largest minority population in Northern Ireland are those who identify with the Republic of Ireland. The relationship between the groups is tense and deeply connected to the tensions between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. These tensions manifested in a 30-year (1968-1998) conflict within Northern Ireland known as ‘The Troubles.’ The heart of the conflict lay in the constitutional status of Northern Ireland. At its core, the Troubles reflected two mutually exclusive visions of national identity and national belonging. Some citizens wished to remain within the United Kingdom, while others wished for Northern Ireland to be a part of the Republic of Ireland. (8)

Answer 19

Within Northern Ireland, most citizens typically identify as British. The largest minority population in Northern Ireland are those who identify with the Republic of Ireland. The relationship between the groups is tense and deeply connected to the tensions between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. These tensions manifested in a 30-year (1968-1998) conflict within Northern Ireland known as ‘The Troubles.’ The heart of the conflict lay in the constitutional status of Northern Ireland. At its core, the Troubles reflected two mutually exclusive visions of national identity and national belonging. Some citizens wished to remain within the United Kingdom, while others wished for Northern Ireland to be a part of the Republic of Ireland.

Question 20

The end of this conflict came in 1998 when the Good Friday Agreement [Karfreitagsabkommen] was signed and approved by citizens in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. This agreement was a formal recognition that the majority of the Northern Ireland population wished to remain part of the United Kingdom and that a substantial section of the population in Northern Ireland and the majority of the population in the Republic of Ireland wished to create a united Ireland. The agreement acknowledged that both viewpoints were legitimate and that Northern Ireland is to remain part of the United Kingdom until a majority of the population of both regions agree that the status of Northern Ireland should change. (9)

Answer 20

The end of this conflict came in 1998 when the Good Friday Agreement [Karfreitagsabkommen] was signed and approved by citizens in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. This agreement was a formal recognition that the majority of the Northern Ireland population wished to remain part of the United Kingdom and that a substantial section of the population in Northern Ireland and the majority of the population in the Republic of Ireland wished to create a united Ireland. The agreement acknowledged that both viewpoints were legitimate and that Northern Ireland is to remain part of the United Kingdom until a majority of the population of both regions agree that the status of Northern Ireland should change.

Question 21

Social Structure and Emigration
Within [the Republic of] Ireland, social hierarchies are widely disfavoured. There is an emphasis on egalitarianism and mateship. A person's level of education and wealth does not necessarily earn them status or respect. Instead, the Irish tend to emphasise one's efforts and hard work. Generally, there are not many social indicators that can define class distinctions in society. However, Ireland is not entirely without class categories. Social divisions do exist, [e.g. ] […] for the chronically unemployed […]. (10)

Answer 21

Social Structure and Emigration
Within [the Republic of] Ireland, social hierarchies are widely disfavoured. There is an emphasis on egalitarianism and mateship. A person's level of education and wealth does not necessarily earn them status or respect. Instead, the Irish tend to emphasise one's efforts and hard work. Generally, there are not many social indicators that can define class distinctions in society. However, Ireland is not entirely without class categories. Social divisions do exist, [e.g. ] […] for the chronically unemployed […].

Question 22

Emigration has been a notable characteristic throughout Irish history. For hundreds of years, the number of Irish people leaving the country was greater than the number of foreigners immigrating to Ireland. For many generations, most Irish people have had family members living abroad. Notable periods of mass emigration include the Potato Famine in 1845 and the more recent wave in the 1950s and 1980s for those seeking a better life. This is reflected in the sizable Irish ethnic minorities in many countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia and Argentina. The migration patterns have changed from the late 1990s when the Irish economy dramatically improved. Since then, many people have migrated to Ireland, with a significant number of Irish returning to their homeland. (11)

Answer 22

Emigration has been a notable characteristic throughout Irish history. For hundreds of years, the number of Irish people leaving the country was greater than the number of foreigners immigrating to Ireland. For many generations, most Irish people have had family members living abroad. Notable periods of mass emigration include the Potato Famine in 1845 and the more recent wave in the 1950s and 1980s for those seeking a better life. This is reflected in the sizable Irish ethnic minorities in many countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia and Argentina. The migration patterns have changed from the late 1990s when the Irish economy dramatically improved. Since then, many people have migrated to Ireland, with a significant number of Irish returning to their homeland.

Question 23

Irish Identity
Many symbols of Irish national identity come from their association with religion. For example, green is the colour associated worldwide with Irishness, but, within Ireland and particularly in Northern Ireland, the colour green is closely linked to being both Irish and Catholic. On the other hand, orange in Northern [Ireland] is associated with Protestantism. This means that the Irish national identity is in part connected to Catholicism. Overwhelmingly, Protestants in the Republic of Ireland consider themselves Irish and don’t associate with the colour orange. (12)

Answer 23

Irish Identity
Many symbols of Irish national identity come from their association with religion. For example, green is the colour associated worldwide with Irishness, but, within Ireland and particularly in Northern Ireland, the colour green is closely linked to being both Irish and Catholic. On the other hand, orange in Northern [Ireland] is associated with Protestantism. This means that the Irish national identity is in part connected to Catholicism. Overwhelmingly, Protestants in the Republic of Ireland consider themselves Irish and don’t associate with the colour orange.

Question 24

“The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between Orange and Green and I trust that beneath its folds the hands of Irish Protestants and Irish Catholics may be clasped in generous and heroic brotherhood.“ (12)

Answer 24

“The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between Orange and Green and I trust that beneath its folds the hands of Irish Protestants and Irish Catholics may be clasped in generous and heroic brotherhood.“

Question 25

Irish Identity
Another facet of the Irish national identity is the Irish language (also known as Gaeilge [Gaelic, Gälisch]). Irish is an official language of the country alongside English and was once the main language spoken in the country. By the start of the 20th century, English had become the vernacular language. As of 2016, 39.8% of the population speak Irish as a first or second language. The Irish language is spoken on a day-to-day basis in the Irish-speaking communities known as Gaeltacht – particularly in parts of County Kerry, Galway and Donegal. Some of the older generation is fluent in the Irish language. Irish appears throughout the country in various ways, such as through Irish-speaking television and radio stations as well as signposts in Irish. (13)

Answer 25

Irish Identity
Another facet of the Irish national identity is the Irish language (also known as Gaeilge [Gaelic, Gälisch]). Irish is an official language of the country alongside English and was once the main language spoken in the country. By the start of the 20th century, English had become the vernacular language. As of 2016, 39.8% of the population speak Irish as a first or second language. The Irish language is spoken on a day-to-day basis in the Irish-speaking communities known as Gaeltacht – particularly in parts of County Kerry, Galway and Donegal. Some of the older generation is fluent in the Irish language. Irish appears throughout the country in various ways, such as through Irish-speaking television and radio stations as well as signposts in Irish.

Question 26

It is compulsory for all Irish to learn the Irish language during school. One is required to pass a language test on Irish to graduate high school. Some question the utility of the language, particularly concerning the business sector. However, the language has long been an important part of the Irish identity. Thus, the emphasis on retaining the Irish language is primarily intended to preserve culture. (13)

Answer 26

It is compulsory for all Irish to learn the Irish language during school. One is required to pass a language test on Irish to graduate high school. Some question the utility of the language, particularly concerning the business sector. However, the language has long been an important part of the Irish identity. Thus, the emphasis on retaining the Irish language is primarily intended to preserve culture.

Question 27

Warmth and Camaraderie
Warmth and mateship are hallmarks of the Irish demeanour. A common expression heard throughout Ireland is, “What’s the craic?”. The term ‘craic’ refers to news, gossip and conversation. Indeed, the art of conversation and storytelling is an important value for many Irish and a common way to build rapport. This informality and warmth allow for an open and fluid approach between people. Indeed, public displays of emotion, affection or attachment are common and widely accepted. Another core characteristic of Irish mateship is generosity and reciprocity. This is particularly evident in the ritualised forms of group drinking in pubs whereby people take turns paying for a ‘round of drinks,’ which is then returned during a later round. (14)

Answer 27

Warmth and Camaraderie
Warmth and mateship are hallmarks of the Irish demeanour. A common expression heard throughout Ireland is, “What’s the craic?”. The term ‘craic’ refers to news, gossip and conversation. Indeed, the art of conversation and storytelling is an important value for many Irish and a common way to build rapport. This informality and warmth allow for an open and fluid approach between people. Indeed, public displays of emotion, affection or attachment are common and widely accepted. Another core characteristic of Irish mateship is generosity and reciprocity. This is particularly evident in the ritualised forms of group drinking in pubs whereby people take turns paying for a ‘round of drinks,’ which is then returned during a later round.

Question 28

Warmth and Camaraderie
The ‘pub’ (‘public house’) provides a communal place for a lot of Irish socialisation and camaraderie to flourish. ‘Pub culture’ extends beyond drinking alcohol. Rather, pubs act as important meeting places where people gather and interact with their neighbours, friends, family and, at times, strangers. The character of pubs in Ireland varies according to the area and the customers they serve. ‘Pub sessions’ are a tradition whereby performers come together and play traditional folk music while enjoying conversation. Such sessions are often informal, with anyone invited to join in and play. Indeed, the pub is where the Irish passion for conversation, stories, jokes and traditional folk music continues to grow and evolve. (15)

Answer 28

Warmth and Camaraderie
The ‘pub’ (‘public house’) provides a communal place for a lot of Irish socialisation and camaraderie to flourish. ‘Pub culture’ extends beyond drinking alcohol. Rather, pubs act as important meeting places where people gather and interact with their neighbours, friends, family and, at times, strangers. The character of pubs in Ireland varies according to the area and the customers they serve. ‘Pub sessions’ are a tradition whereby performers come together and play traditional folk music while enjoying conversation. Such sessions are often informal, with anyone invited to join in and play. Indeed, the pub is where the Irish passion for conversation, stories, jokes and traditional folk music continues to grow and evolve.

Question 29

Haben Sie eine Idee, was “kulturelle Diplomatie” ist? Fallen Ihnen dazu Beispiele ein? Sind Sie je mit kultureller Diplomatie der EU in Berührung gekommen? (17)

Answer 29

Do you have any idea what “cultural diplomacy” is? Can you think of any examples? Have you ever come into contact with EU cultural diplomacy?

Question 30

Notieren Sie Ihre Assoziationen dazu, bevor Sie fortfahren. Auf den folgenden Folien erfahren Sie mehr dazu, was kulturelle Diplomatie ist und was die EU in diesem Bereich tut. (17)

Answer 30

Make a note of your associations with this before proceeding. In the following slides you will learn more about what cultural diplomacy is and what the EU is doing in this area.

Question 31

Haben Sie eine Idee, was “kulturelle Diplomatie” ist? Fallen Ihnen dazu Beispiele ein? Sind Sie je mit kultureller Diplomatie der EU in Berührung gekommen? (17)

Notieren Sie Ihre Assoziationen dazu, bevor Sie fortfahren. Auf den folgenden Folien erfahren Sie mehr dazu, was kulturelle Diplomatie ist und was die EU in diesem Bereich tut. (17)

Answer 31

Do you have any idea what “cultural diplomacy” is? Can you think of any examples? Have you ever come into contact with EU cultural diplomacy?

Make a note of your associations with this before proceeding. In the following slides you will learn more about what cultural diplomacy is and what the EU is doing in this area.

Question 32

“When we write [or speak] about (…) culture and cultural cooperation, it is important to re-emphasize that culture is the domain in which (…) [we] unfold[ ] (…) [our] spiritual and creative activities(…). It is the domain of human thought, in which (…) [we] reflect[ ] on (…) [our] tradition, (…) [our] convictions and beliefs.” (18)

Answer 32

“When we write [or speak] about (…) culture and cultural cooperation, it is important to re-emphasize that culture is the domain in which (…) [we] unfold[ ] (…) [our] spiritual and creative activities(…). It is the domain of human thought, in which (…) [we] reflect[ ] on (…) [our] tradition, (…) [our] convictions and beliefs.”

Question 33

“Cultural cooperation is the domain in which (…) [we are] given the opportunity of freely exchanging and circulating thoughts, ideas and convictions.” (18)

Answer 33

“Cultural cooperation is the domain in which (…) [we are] given the opportunity of freely exchanging and circulating thoughts, ideas and convictions.”

Question 34

Cultural cooperation should (…) be seen as an activity in the common European city, for the purpose of building bridges and opening roads; where people can communicate on their shared traditions and cultural sources of unity. In this European city, we must restore our common language, expose and challenge the symbols of division (…)”. (18)

Answer 34

Cultural cooperation should (…) be seen as an activity in the common European city, for the purpose of building bridges and opening roads; where people can communicate on their shared traditions and cultural sources of unity. In this European city, we must restore our common language, expose and challenge the symbols of division (…)”.

Question 35

Cultural Diplomacy – Definition
“Cultural Diplomacy may best be described as a course of actions, which are based on and utilize the exchange of ideas, values, traditions and other aspects of culture or identity, whether to strengthen relationships, enhance socio-cultural cooperation, promote national interests and beyond; Cultural diplomacy can be practiced by either the public sector, private sector or civil society.” (19)

Answer 35

Cultural Diplomacy – Definition
“Cultural Diplomacy may best be described as a course of actions, which are based on and utilize the exchange of ideas, values, traditions and other aspects of culture or identity, whether to strengthen relationships, enhance socio-cultural cooperation, promote national interests and beyond; Cultural diplomacy can be practiced by either the public sector, private sector or civil society.” (19)

Question 36

Kulturelle Diplomatie
kann bewusst eingesetzt werden, um eine Kultur in ein positives Licht zu rücken und so Sympathien oder Vertrauen zu gewinnen im politischen und wirtschaftlichen Bereich z.B. city/regional/nation branding* zur Förderung wirtschaftlicher Investitionen, des Tourismus …
sollte nicht zu kulturellem Hegemoniestreben und kulturellem Imperialismus führen (19)

Answer 36

cultural diplomacy
can be used consciously to put a culture in a positive light and thus gain sympathy or trust in the political and economic area e.g. city/regional/nation branding* to promote economic investments, tourism …
should not lead to cultural hegemony and cultural imperialism

Question 37

*Nation/regional/city brand = „the unique, multidimensional blend of elements that provide the nation [or region or city] with culturally grounded differentiation and relevance for all of its target audiences.“ (19)

Answer 37

*Nation/regional/city brand = „the unique, multidimensional blend of elements that provide the nation [or region or city] with culturally grounded differentiation and relevance for all of its target audiences.“

Question 38

Seit wann gibt es kulturelle Diplomatie?
“Cultural Diplomacy (or “Diplomacy between Cultures”) has existed as a practice for centuries. Whilst the term “cultural diplomacy” has only recently been established, evidence of its practice can be seen throughout history and has existed for centuries. Explorers, travelers, traders, teachers and artists can be all considered living examples of “informal ambassadors” or early “cultural diplomats”. Indeed, any person who interacts with different cultures, (currently or in the past), facilitates a form of cultural exchange, which can take place in fields such as art, sports, literature, music, science, business & economy and beyond.”

Answer 38

How long has cultural diplomacy existed?
“Cultural Diplomacy (or “Diplomacy between Cultures”) has existed as a practice for centuries. Whilst the term “cultural diplomacy” has only recently been established, evidence of its practice can be seen throughout history and has existed for centuries. Explorers, travelers, traders, teachers and artists can be all considered living examples of “informal ambassadors” or early “cultural diplomats”. Indeed, any person who interacts with different cultures, (currently or in the past), facilitates a form of cultural exchange, which can take place in fields such as art, sports, literature, music, science, business & economy and beyond.”How

Question 39

Was sind prominente Beispiele für kulturelle Diplomatie?
Sprachlernprogramme
Austauschprogramme
Kulturübergreifende Zusammenarbeit in Wissenschaft und Forschung
Kulturübergreifende Wettbewerbe und Events (z.B. in Sport, Musik und Kunst)
(…)

Answer 39

What are prominent examples of cultural diplomacy?
language learning programs
exchange programs
Cross-cultural cooperation in science and research
Cross-cultural competitions and events (e.g. in sports, music and art)
(…)

Question 40

Was sind übergeordnete Ziele von kultureller Diplomatie?
“Respect & Recognition of Cultural Diversity & Heritage
Global Intercultural Dialogue
Justice, Equality & Interdependence
The Protection of International Human Rights
Global Peace & Stability” (21)

Answer 40

What are the over arching goals of diplomacy
“Respect & Recognition of Cultural Diversity & Heritage
Global Intercultural Dialogue
Justice, Equality & Interdependence
The Protection of International Human Rights
Global Peace & Stability”

Question 41

Kulturelle Diplomatie und die EU
“Cultural diplomacy is an integral part of our common foreign policy (…) and thus forms an essential part of how Europe engages with partners around the world”. (22)

Answer 41

Kulturelle Diplomatie und die EU
“Cultural diplomacy is an integral part of our common foreign policy (…) and thus forms an essential part of how Europe engages with partners around the world”.

Question 42

Akteure:
“In March 2016, we have launched the Cultural Diplomacy Platform, to gather all the actors – governments, regions, cities, cultural institutes, civil society organisations, artists, scientists, performers, individuals and many more – of the European external cultural relations, and engage them on a continuous basis, receive feedback, policy advice and support.” (23)

Answer 42

Agents:
“In March 2016, we have launched the Cultural Diplomacy Platform, to gather all the actors – governments, regions, cities, cultural institutes, civil society organisations, artists, scientists, performers, individuals and many more – of the European external cultural relations, and engage them on a continuous basis, receive feedback, policy advice and support.”

Question 43

Verständnis von kultureller Diplomatie:
“Culture is at the core of our foreign policy, and for quite some time now, the development of a strategic approach to international cultural relations is one of our priorities. Indeed, as in today’s world cultures are bound to meet, we have a duty to make the most out of this encounter. And this direction must go beyond the simple teaching of our culture: cultural diplomacy is about learning, listening, sharing new ideas and making them grow together.” (23)

Answer 43

Understanding of cultural diplomacy
“Culture is at the core of our foreign policy, and for quite some time now, the development of a strategic approach to international cultural relations is one of our priorities. Indeed, as in today’s world cultures are bound to meet, we have a duty to make the most out of this encounter. And this direction must go beyond the simple teaching of our culture: cultural diplomacy is about learning, listening, sharing new ideas and making them grow together.”

Question 44

Aufgaben und Ziele:
“The Cultural Diplomacy Platform will strengthen our ability to engage on an equal footing with our partners across with the globe – from international organisations, national governments, local authorities, civil society organisations and individual citizens. The Platform will provide support and policy advice to the EU institutions, including the EU Delegations, cultural stakeholders in Europe and outside, and set up a global cultural leadership training programme for young cultural managers.”* (Federica Mogherini) (23)

Answer 44

Assignments and goals
“The Cultural Diplomacy Platform will strengthen our ability to engage on an equal footing with our partners across with the globe – from international organisations, national governments, local authorities, civil society organisations and individual citizens. The Platform will provide support and policy advice to the EU institutions, including the EU Delegations, cultural stakeholders in Europe and outside, and set up a global cultural leadership training programme for young cultural managers.”* (Federica Mogherini)

Question 45

Sie sollten nun vertraut sein mit
den angeführten zentralen kulturwissenschaftlichen Konzepten:
kulturelle Generalisierung, Stereotypisierung, Vorurteil, Ethnozentrismus, Ethnorelativismus, emische und etische Kulturbeschreibung,
und diese auch voneinander abgrenzen können;
der Kultur Irlands entsprechend der Annäherung durch Kulturkomponenten
den Dimensionen und Zielen etc. von (europäischer) kultureller Diplomatie (soweit ausgeführt). (24)

Answer 45

You should now be familiar with
the central cultural-scientific concepts mentioned:
cultural generalization, stereotyping, prejudice, ethnocentrism, ethnorelativism, emic and etic culture description,
and can also differentiate between them;
the culture of Ireland according to the approximation by culture components
the dimensions and goals etc. of (European) cultural diplomacy (as far as stated).

Question 46

Die Hälfte der Veranstaltung haben Sie nun geschafft! (25)

Answer 46

You are now halfway through the event!

Question 47

Wie zu Anfang des Semesters (siehe erste Präsentation) bereits angekündigt, sind Gegenstand des Leistungsnachweises Aufgaben zu den Inhalten aller Präsentationen (inklusive Lösungen zu Aufgaben), die Sie jeweils mit “richtig“ oder “falsch“ bewerten müssen. (25)

Answer 47

As already announced at the beginning of the semester (see first presentation), the subject of the assessment are tasks relating to the content of all presentations (including solutions to tasks), which you must rate as “right” or “wrong”.

Question 48

Beispiel für eine Aufgabe: “Dänemark gehört zu den Gründungsstaaten der EU.“ (25)

Answer 48

Example of a task: “Denmark is one of the founding states of the EU.” true false (False is correct)

Question 49

Inhalte von Links, zu denen keine Fragen oder Aufgaben gestellt wurden in den Präsentationen, werden nicht abgefragt. Die bisher genannten zeitlichen Daten sollten Sie jeweils im richtigen Jahrzehnt verorten können (dies gilt auch für die Daten zum jeweiligen Beitritt der EU-Länder). Sollte hierzu im Leistungsnachweis also ein Fehler eingebaut sein in einer Aufgabe, wäre die angegebene Jahreszahl um mindestens ein Jahrzehnt verschoben. Die Aufgaben sind auf Deutsch gestellt, zur Verdeutlichung können auch englische Begrifflichkeiten vorkommen. (25)

Answer 49

The content of links for which no questions or tasks were asked in the presentations will not be queried. You should be able to locate the dates mentioned so far in the correct decade (this also applies to the dates of the accession of the EU countries). If there is an error in a task in the proof of performance, the year given would be shifted by at least a decade. The tasks are in German; English terms may also be used for clarification.