Focus Items Flashcards
Factors affecting stall speed?
- WEIGHT: need more lift = higher AOA
- LOAD FACTOR: bank = less vertical lift
- POWER: upward thrust vector adds to lift & slipstream helps generate lift
- CG: forward CG = need more tail down force = need more lift = higher AOA
- FLAPS
- ICE
- ALTITUDE: stall at same IAS but higher TAS
How much does stall speed increase at 2G (60 deg bank)?
40% (sqrt of 2)
Different airspeeds
- IAS
- CAS: IAS corrected for installation & instrument error (pitot tube has higher AOA)
- TAS: CAS corrected for altitude & nonstd temp
- GS: TAS adjusted for wind
- EAS: CAS corrected for compressibility
What’s load factor?
Ratio of Lift to Weight
When is Mode C requried?
- Mode C veil (30nm around Class B)
- Class B
- Class C and above
- Above 10,000 MSL (unless below 2500AGL)
- ADIZ (off coast)
VFR TO & LDG minimums
FAR 91.155(c)&(d)
- Class BCDE: 3 miles GND vis & 1000’
- Class G: 1 mile GND vis & Clear of Clouds
- SVFR: 1 mile GND vis & Clear of Clouds
Winds aloft
* 9900
* 7319
* 7799
- 9900 = light and variable
- 7139 = 230 @ 119
- 7799 = 270 @199+
Wind & temp excluded in Winds Aloft
- No wind for 1500 AGL
- No temp for 2500 AGL
- No temp for 3000 MSL
What’s the 3-6 rule?
-
ALT to lose in 000’ x3 for TOD
(5500-1200=4300 –> 4.3x3=13NM) -
GSx6 for descent rate
(160x6=960 FPM)
Cantilever wing
A wing that uses no external struts or bracing
What’s adverse yaw
the tendency of an airplane to yaw in the opposite direction of the turn
What’s a commercial operator?
A person who
* for compensation or hire
* engages in the carriage of persons or property
* by aircraft
* in air commerce
* other than an air carrier or foreign a/c
What requires immediate NTSB notification?
(AIM 7-7-2)
Notify immediately an accident or any of the following incidents:
1. Flight control system malfunction or failure
2. Inabilityof required flight crew to perform normal flight duties due to injury or illness (i.e. heart attack)
3. Failure of structural components of a turbuine engine, excl. compressor, turbine blades and vanes
4. Inflight fire
5. Aircraft collide in flight
6. Over $25,000 damage to property other than aircraft
7. Overdue aircraft believed to be involved in an accident
For large ME a/c, what requires immediate NTSB notification?
(AIM 7-7-2)
For large ME aircraft (>12,500 lbs MTOW), notify immediately:
1. Inflight electrical system failure that requires sustained use of backup power
2. Inflight hydraulic system failure that requries sustained use of remaining system for movement of flight control surfaces
3. Loss of power by two or more engines
4. Evacuation with use of emergency egress system
NTSB: What’s an accident?
(49 CFR Part 830)
an occurrence
* associated with the operation of an aircraft
* that takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and all such persons have disembarked, and
* in which any person suffers death or serious injury, or
* in which the aircraft receives substantial damage
NTSB: What’s substantial damage?
Damage or failure that:
* adversely affects the structural strength, performance, or flight characteristics of the aircraft and
* would usually require significant repair or replacement
NTSB: What’s not considered substantial damage?
- Engine failure or damage limited to an engine if only one engine fails or is damaged
- Bent fairings or cowling
- Dented skin
- Small punctured holes in the skin or fabric
- Ground damage to rotor or propeller blades
- Damage to landing gear, wheels, tires, flaps, engine accessories, brakes, or wingtips
NTSB: What’s serious injury?
any injury that
1. hospitalized for more than 48 hours, within 7 days;
2. fracture of any bone (except simple fractures of fingers, toes, or nose);
3. severe hemorrhages, nerve, muscle, or tendon damage;
4. involves any internal organ; or
5. involves 2nd/3rd degree burns, or any burns affecting more than 5% of body surface
When must a report be filed with NTSB?
- Within 10 day after an accident
- When an overdue aircraft is still missing after 7 days
- For an incident where notification is required, only as requested
What to do when involved in an aircraft accident?
- Notify NTSB immediately
- File a report within 10 days
What does “operate” mean?
Causes an aircraft to be used or authorizes its use
What does “operational control” mean?
Exercise authority over
* initiating,
* conducting, and
* terminating a flight
When is PIC requied to hold the appropriate category and class rating?
When carrying passengers
What is needed to act as PIC of an airplane towing a glider?
- Logbook endorsement with ground and flight training
- 3 actual or simulated tows with a qualified tow pilot
What must PIC do if had to deviate from a rule?
(91.3(b) / AIM 6-1-1)
- Notify ATC ASAP and obtain an amended clearance
- Send a written report if requested by the FAA
When are preflight and WX briefings requried?
For any flight not in the vicinity of an airport
Crew seatbelt & shoulder harness requirement?
- Seatbelt when at stations
- shoulder harness during TO/LDG, unless unable to perform required duties
What’s required to operate an aircraft towing a banner?
A valid Certificate of Waiver or Authorization shall be available onboard
FAR re: use of portable electronic devices?
(91.21)
Unless exempted, may not use when
* air carrier ops
* IFR
Fuel requirements: Day/Night VFR & IFR
(91.151 / 91.167)
- Day VFR = 30 minutes
- Night VFR = 45 minutes
- IFR = intended landing + alternate + 45 at normal cruise
When is flotation device required?
(91.205)
If for hire, beyond power off gliding distance from shore
Restriction re: formation flights?
Not authorized when carrying PAX for hire
PIC/SIC requirements of an airplane certified for more than one pilot?
Within preceding 12 months:
* PIC: PIC proficiency check
* SIC: familiar with required info, perform and log pilot time in type
When are LAHSO NOT authorized?
- Student pilot solo
- at night (generally)
- on wet runways
- no PAPI or GS
Once accepted, LAHSO should be adhered to unless?
- amended clearance
- emergency
What should the pilot have for LAHSO?
Chart Supplement
* runway slope
* LAHSO info
What to do if convicted of a motor vehicle offense involving alcohol or drugs?
Written report to the FAA Civil Aviation Security Division within 60 days
WX minimum for issuing a LAHSO?
1000’ ceiling & 3sm visbility
Regs in the T&C of a standard airworthiness certificate?
- Part 21 - Certification Procedures for Products and Articles
- Part 43 - Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration
- Part 91 - General operating and flight rules
When is a high altitude endorsement required?
PIC of a pressurized aircraft
Lower of:
* service ceiling OR
* maximum operating altitude
above 25,000 feet MSL
Stadium TFRs
(14CFR 99.7)
If seating capacity of 30,000 or more
* 1HR before scheduled time to 1HR after the end
* Prohibited within a 3NMR
* up to and including 3000ft AGL
What kind flight plan to go south of the border?
D-VFR
Defense VFR
Types of flaps? Which one has most drag vs lift?
- Plain - AA5
- Split (most drag)
- Slotted
- Fowler - C172 (most lift)
Pivotal altitude
- What is it?
- How to calculate?
to “pivot” around a point
* altitude at which, for a given GS, the projection of the visual reference line to the pylon appears to pivot
* GS in mph ^2
* GS in knots ^2
Range of TAF?
5 sm
How far on isobars apart on a prog chart?
4 millibars
Forward vs aft GC
Forward
* slower cruise
* more stable
* higher stall speed
* good stall recovery
Decode: 14005 KT WS010/18040KT
wind increae RAPIDLY from 5 kts at sfc to 40 kts at 1000’, direction change from 140 degrees to 180 degrees
Minimum safe altitude?
(91.119)
Anywhere: allows emergency landing if engine fails without undue hazard to those on the surface
Congested areas: 1000’ above highest obstacle within 2000’ radius
Other than congested:
* 500’ above the surface
* Except over open water or sparsely populated areas
* may not be within 500’ of any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure
