Foam Flashcards
1
Q
The resulting finished foam extinguishes and/or prevents fire by the following methods:
_____-creates a barrier between the fuel and burning vapors
______-lowers the temperature of the fuel and adjacent surfaces
_______-prevents the release of additional flammable vapors, access to oxygen in the atmosphere, and therefore reduces the possibility of ignition or reignition
A
Separating
Cooling
Suppressing (sometimes referred to as smothering)
2
Q
_____, ____, ____, and ____ are needed to produce a foam blanket.
A
Foam concentrate, water, air, and mechanical aeration
3
Q
_____- liquid found in a foam storage container before the introduction of water.
A
Foam concentrate
4
Q
________- mixture in the proper ratio of foam concentrate and water before the introduction of air.
A
Foam solution
5
Q
____-device that mixes foam concentrate in the proper ratio with water.
A
Foam proportioner
6
Q
____- completed product after air is introduced into the foam solution and after it leaves the nozzle or aerator.
A
Finished foam
7
Q
Foam expansion is an increase in volume of ____ when it is aerated.
A
Foam solution
8
Q
_____ is a key characteristic to consider when choosing a foam concentrate for a specific application.
A
Expansion
9
Q
The method of aerating a foam solution results in varying _______,…
A
Varying degrees of expansion
10
Q
Foam concentrates can be as one of three types:_____, ____, and _____
A
Low-expansion, medium-expansion, and high-expansion
11
Q
NFPA ___ states that low-expansion foam has an air solution ratio _____ parts finished foam for every part of foam solution(____ ratio). Medium-expansion foam is most commonly used at the rate of _________through _________devices. In the high-expansion foam category, the rate is _____________.
A
NFPA 11 20 parts 20:1 ratio 20:1 to 200:1 through hydraulically operated nozzle style devices 200:1 to 1000:1
12
Q
Most modern foam concentrates may be stored for long periods of time (in excess of ____). Optimum storage life can be achieved by ______________. UL-listed foam concentrates have storage temperature requirements of not less than _______ and not higher than ______.
A
IN EXCESS OF 10 years
Following manufacturers’ recommendations on foam concentrate storage containers and their related environmental conditions.
NOT LESS THAN 35 F (1.6C)
NOT HIGHER THAN 120 F (48.8C)
13
Q
Freezing and thawing shall have ______ on UL-listed foam concentrate performance. UL-listed foam concentrates are shipped in “____” containers that must pass drop and impact tests with their contents ______.
A
No-effect
“Standard” containers
Contents frozen
14
Q
Class A and Class B foam concentrates may be mildly _____.
A
Mildly corrosive
15
Q
NFPA has established maximum allowable corrosion rates for Class A foam concentrates in NFPA _____.
A
NFPA 1150
16
Q
Foam concentrates, either at full strength or in diluted form, pose ____ health risks to fire and emergency services responders. In both forms, concentrates may be ___ to the skin and eyes, so flush affected areas with water. Concentrates, or their vapors, may be ____ if ingested or inhaled.
A
Minimal health risks
Mildly irritating to skin and eyes
Harmful
17
Q
_______, ___________, and _______ are all compatible with carbon dioxide, halon substitutes, and dry chemical agents and may be simultaneously discharged with them. Using foam, a halon-substitute, and dry chemical agents together is commonly referred to as a ______.
A
Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), Film forming flouroprotein (FFFP), and flouroprotein foams
Multiagent attack
18
Q
The biodegradability in either solution or concentrate form is determined by the rate at which _____________ dissolve or degrade the foam. This decomposition process results in the _____ of oxygen. The _______ that is required to degrade a particular foam, the better or more environmentally friendly the foam is when it enters a body of water. Studies by the US Forest service and the National Biological service office show that _____ foams can have a lethal affect on fish.
A
Environmental bacterias
Consumption of oxygen
The less oxygen
Class A foams
19
Q
Where _________ is concerned, environmental issues revolve around ______ and _________. Some (____) use (____)as a water dispersing solvent and refractive index tracker, which is used to determine the concentration of finished foam when it has been applied to a fuel. The US Environmental Protection Agency determined that both ____ and _____ might be hazardous to the environment.
A
AFFF concentrate
Glycol ethers(also known as butylcarbitol) and perflouro-octylsulfonates(PFOS)
Some AFFF foam concentrates use butylcarbitol
Both glycol ethers and PFOS
20
Q
Military specification AFFF foam concentrate formulations are not environmentally friendly solvents. In ______ , the US Navy began seeking alternative products to replace PFOS and glycol ether foam concentrates with those that are both compatible with _______ and the _________.
A
May, 2001
Saltwater and the environment
21
Q
Class A foam concentrates require ___________ approvals from the ________ where environmental issues are concerns. NFPA ___ addresses environmental issues associated with Class A foam concentrates.
A
US forest service approvals
US department of agriculture
NFPA 1150
22
Q
______ plays a role in finished foam effectiveness
A
Drainage (also referred to as quarter-drain time, 25-percent drainage time, or quarter life)
23
Q
________ continue to wet the fuel as they drain
A
Class A foams
24
Q
______ form a film over the surface of the fuel as they drain.
A
Aqueous film forming foams
25
A short drain time means _____. A long drain time means that the foam blanket ______ and provides an ____________ for an extended period before the water releases. Several elements affect the drainage process: _____, ____, ____, and to a lesser extent _____.
Rapid wetting
Insulating foam layer
Fuel temperature, heat of the fire, size of the flame front, and to a lesser extent, ambient air temperature and wind.
26
Some foam concentrates are thick and viscous. The concentrates are typically _____ foams and produce finished foam that can form tough, heat resistant blankets that drain slowly when proportioned at higher ratios of water and concentrate.
Typically alcohol-resistant aqueous film forming foams
27
Thinner concentrates are generally found in the ______ or ___ foams. ____ and _____ tend to be fast drainers that spread rapidly across liquid fuel surfaces, sending a quick spreading film ahead of the actual foam blanket. The draining ______ foam blanket becomes the reservoir for continued water-filming action.
Nonalcohol-resistant (regular AFFF, FFFP, and flouroprotein foam) or Class A foams
AFFF and FFFP
AFFF
28
Others, such as high-expansion foam concentrates, are used from __ to __ percent concentrations to produce large volumes of finished foam for flooding _______.
1 to 2.5 percent
| Flooding confined spaces
29
It has long been known that ___ added to water will improve its absorption into class A materials.
Wetting agents (non-foaming, ionic, and non-ionic surfactants)
30
Wetting agents have been in use in the fire-suppression industry since the _____. However, Class A products have only been in use since the _______. During the _________, proportioning technology improvements increased the popularity and effectiveness of both Class A foams and wetting agents.
1940s
Late 1970s
1980s and 1990s
31
_________ concentrate is a formulation of hydrocarbon surfactants.
These ionic and non-ionic surfactants help reduce waters ____ in the foam solution. When used in conjunction with a _____, Class A foam has outstanding reach and insulating qualities. ______ typically entrain one or more parts of air with one part water.
Class A foam
Surface tension
Compressed-air foam system(CAFS)
CAFS
32
Class A foam may be used with ____nozzles, _____ nozzles, _____ devices, and ______ systems using almost any nozzle, including ____ nozzles.
```
Fog nozzles
Aerating foam nozzles
Medium and high-expansion devices
compressed-air foam systems
Solid stream nozzles
```
33
The shelf life of Class A foam concentrate is _____. Because this type of foam concentrate is used in very small percentages in the foam solution, __________ is not a concern under ordinary fire-suppression conditions.
Indefinite
| Harm to the environment
34
Aeration of the water/concentrate foam solution into a volume of bubbles that is greater than the volume of the solution is referred to as ______ and is expressed in _____ such as 2:1, 5:1, 10:1 etc.
_____, _____, _____, and _____ all affect the obtainable (___).
Expansion ratio
Air/solution ratio
Water quality, aeration method, concentrate ratio, and concentrate formulation
Expansion ratio
35
The amount of liquid that drains from the bubble mass to wet and/or penetrate the Class A fuel is affected by the _____.
Class A foam with a low-expansion ratio drains _____ than does Class A foam with a high-expansion ratio. Generally, finished foam with a ________ ratio produces a quicker knockdown than does foam with a _____ ratio.
Expansion ratio
Faster
Low-expansion
High-expansion
36
_____ are best for the development of long-lasting finished Class A foam that can adhere to surfaces (horizontal, vertical, and overhead). They also provide an ______and minimize the ______ to Class A fuels. _____ tend to break down more rapidly and release more liquid to wet and penetrate the Class A fuel. ________ is an important consideration when establishing Class A foam delivery to a fire. Class A foam does not adhere to hot, vertical fuel surfaces that are in excess of _____.
```
Small bubbles of a consistent size
Insulation barrier and minimize the oxygen supply
Large bubbles
Consistency
212F (100C)
```
37
_________ is an important consideration when establishing Class A foam delivery to a fire.
Consistency
38
The characteristic of Class A foam to remain on and in the fuel, reduce the fuel temperature, and increase the fuel moisture content is known as _________. _____, _____, _____, and ____ affect (____)
Retention
| Air temperature, wind movement, the fuels latent heat, and the amount of heat present affect retention.
39
______ refers to a liquids thickness or ability to flow. Highly (___) liquid concentrates are very thick and may be difficult to _______ through some types of _______. ________ affects (____).
Viscosity
Highly-viscous
Proportion through some types of foam concentrate pumps
Temperature affects viscosity
40
Class A foam concentrates are mixed in proportions of ___ to __. Class A foam drain times ________ with an increase in the proportioning ratio. A rich concentrate/water mixture ratio produces thicker, richer foam that drains _____ than a lean ratio. Most FOAM nozzles produce more stable finished foams at a ___ concentration than they do at ___ to ___ concentrations. Employing percentages greater than ___ percent with STANDARD fog nozzles does not appear to increase firefighting performance. Exposure protection may be enhanced with applying Class A foam through FOG nozzles at _______ proportioning settings.
```
0.1 to 1 percent
Increase
Slower
1 percent
0.4 to 0.5
GREATER THAN 0.5
1 percent OR GREATER
```
41
______ refers to the amount of finished foam that must be applied to a fire, per hour, per square foot of fire. In structural firefighting combat, the (____) is the same as the ______ for water. Knowing the correct (________) is important during emergency operations. Do not reduce _______ rates when using Class A foam.
Application rate
Application rate is the same as the minimum flow rate for water
Application rates
Do not reduce initial attack flow rates
42
____, ____, ____, and ____ strongly influence the course of a wildland fire. A common problem with fires involving heavy brush is the difficulty fire and emergency responders have in applying water to the ____________. The addition of Class A foam concentrates into a wildland fire attack aids the _____ of water to the concealed areas of the fuel. The _____ characteristics of class A foam also allow water to seep more quickly into vegetation with a low moisture content.
Fuel density, fuel composition, climatic conditions, and fuel and moisture content
Underside of vegetation
Absorption
Soaking
43
_____ create special tactical problems for fire and emergency responders. The incident priority of ____ is of greatest importance.
Civil disturbances
Life safety
44
_________ foam is beneficial for rapid fire extinguishment when water supplies are limited or become disrupted during the operation.
Class A finished foam
45
_____ and ______ provide the advantage that is lost by limited personnel during an initial response. The _____ foam extinguishing agent reduces the fire more rapidly, cools the interior of the structure, and prevents reignition within the structure. ________ has the advantage of providing quick fire extinguishment from great distances, while allowing for the maneuverability of the hoseline by fewer people.
Class A finished foam and compressed-air foam systems
Class A
A CAFS
46
_____ extinguishes fires involving flammable and combustible liquids. It also ____ from unignited spills of these liquids.
Class B foam
Suppresses vapors
47
Class B FINISHED foam may be proportioned into the fire stream via a ______, _______, or ______.
Fixed system, an apparatus-mounted system, or portable foam proportioning equipment
48
The [Class B] foam may be applied either with _______nozzles or with _______ nozzles.
Standard fog nozzles (AFFF and FFFP concentrates) or with air aspirating foam nozzles (all types)
49
Class B foam concentrates are manufactured from either a ____ or ____ base. (____) concentrates are derived from animal protein. (___) concentrate is made from a mixture of flourosurfactants. Some foam concentrates are made from a combination of ____ and ____ bases.
Synthetic or protein base
Protein-based foam concentrates
Synthetic foam concentrate
Combination of synthetic and protein bases
50
Individual foam concentrates may or may not be subject to ____ or ____ specifications. Some manufacturers offer both _____ and _____ concentrates. Foam concentrates that have not been third-party tested are often called ____ concentrates. These concentrates _______ as effective as those that have UL or milspec listings.
Third-party assurance testing or military specifications
Listed and non-listed
Non-listed concentrates
May or may not be as effective
51
________ concentrates must pass more stringent fire-fighting tests than UL listed AFFF concentrates.
Milspec-listed AFFF
52
Milspec-listed AFFF is only suitable for use on ______ fuels. No ____ versions of milspec-listed foams are available. Milspec-listed AFFF is produced by approved manufacturers and formulated using the US Navy’s formulation (_________).
Simple hydrocarbon fuels
Alcohol-resistant versions
milspec MIL-F 24385F
53
________ is storage compatible regardless of manufacturer.
Milspec AFFF
54
Foam concentrates that are stored in accordance with manufacturers recommendations have _____ shelf life;____ years is not an unreasonable expectation. This expectation is also true of _____concentrates.
An indefinite shelf life
Twenty years
Protein-based foam concentrates
55
According to NFPA __, different ______ foam concentrates should not be mixed together in storage because they may be ________. The exception to this recommendation would be _____ concentrates. On the emergency scene, concentrates of _______ but from different manufacturers may be mixed together immediately before application.
```
NFPA 11
Different manufacturers
Chemically incompatible
Milspec concentrates
Similar type (all AFFFs, all flouroproteins etc)
```
56
_________ concentrates may not be UL-listed because the ___ additives tend to reduce the effectiveness of finished foam.
Freeze-protected AR-AFFF
| Antifreeze additives
57
The chemical properties of Class B foam concentrates and their ____ may vary depending on the type of concentrate and the manufacturer. While ___ concentrates degrade faster after application than do _______ (usually in __ to __ days), the rapid biodegradation may have a negative impact on aquatic life.
Environmental impact
Protein-based foam concentrates
Synthetic foams
Usually in 2 to 8 days
58
The process of ____ removes oxygen from the water thereby suffocating fish and plants. Synthetic-foam concentrates degrade in ____ to ___ days and do not reduce the oxygen levels in the water at the same speed that protein-foam concentrates do. Generally speaking, the lower the oxygen demand, the _____ environmental damage the foam causes.
Biodegradation
20 to 40 days
Less
59
_____ properties of finished foam are the keys to long life vapor-suppression. The faster a foam blanket drains its water, the sooner the foam blanket becomes vulnerable to _____ and ________.
Water retention properties
| Heat attack and vapor mitigation
60
The _____ refers to the period of time that the foam blanket remains in place until more finished foam must be applied to replenish it. The life of finished foam is affected by ____, ____, and _____.
Finished foam life
| Heat, type of concentrate, and environmental conditions
61
Most finished foam breaks down when the fuels temperature is near or over ____. Foam breaks down rapidly as the fuel temperature rises and will perhaps become ineffective when the fuels temperature is near or over ____.
NEAR OR OVER 212F(100C)
| NEAR OR OVER 150F (66C)
62
Some foam concentrates can be used on more than one type of hazard. An example is one that can be used on both _____ and _____. Only foam concentrates that have been specifically designed for _____ should be used in this manner. Typical examples of these foams are _______ and ______.
Hydrocarbon and polar solvent liquids
Multipurpose use
AR-AFFF and AR-FFFP
63
Typically these viscous foams are _____. Foam concentrates with low viscosity are very thin and pour easily. Typically these foams are ______, _______, _______, and _____. UL listed foam concentrates must be pourable and easily proportioned at temperatures as low as _____.
AR-FFFP
Regular AFFF, flouroprotein, Class A, and wetting agent concentrates.
AS LOW AS 35F (1.6C)
64
__________- this characteristic refers to the time required for a foam blanket to spread across a fuel surface or around obstacles and wreckage to achieve complete fire extinguishment.
Knockdown speed and flow characteristics
65
Finished foam must be able to resist liquid fuel contamination through ____. Foams with _______ can be used for ______ into storage tanks. _____, ____, and _____ possess a fuel resistance that prevents contamination of the foam. ____, ____, and ____ have little or no fuel resistance, which is the primary reason why these agents are not recommended for use on Class B fires.
```
Absorption
High fuel resistance
Fixed-system subsurface injection
AFFF, FFFP, and flouroprotein foams
Regular protein, High expansion, and Class A foams
```
66
A _____ or ____ is capable of preventing ignition or reignition of flammable/combustible liquid vapors. _______ are capable of producing a vapor blanket on both hydrocarbon and polar solvent fuels.
A vapor-tight foam blanket or Aqueous film floating on a hydrocarbon fuel
Alcohol-resistant foams
67
Polar solvent fuels (alcohols, ketones, and esters) create special problems because they are _______. These fuels draw water out of ______ as fast as they are applied. Alcohol-resistant foam concentrates are formulated to protect the finished foam by providing a_________ between the fuel and finished foam. These foams are often referred to as _____ foams because they tend to adjust their ____ when they detect polar or hydrocarbon fuels. Gasoline mixed with more than _____ or _____ must be treated with alcohol resistant foams
```
Mixable (miscible) with water
Nonalcohol-resistant foams
Providing a barrier (membrane)
Smart foams
Chemistry
MORE THAN 10% oxygen compound or ethanol
```
68
____ is the time required in minutes for one-fourth of the total liquid solution to drain from the finished foam. ( also referred to as the ___ or ___)
Quarter-life
| Also referred to as 25% drainage time or quarter drain time
69
Today’s Class B foam concentrates are mixed in proportions from ___ to _____ percent(__ or ___ ratio of water to concentrate). The proper proportion for any particular concentrate is listed on the _______. Some ____ foam concentrates designed for use on both hydrocarbon and polar solvent fuels can be used at different concentrations depending on which of the two fuels they are used on. These concentrates are normally used at ___ on hydrocarbons and a ____ on polar solvents. _______ concentrates may be used at _______ concentrations regardless of which type of fuel they are used on. High-expansion foam concentrates are typically used between ___ or ___ percent concentrations. In addition ___ concentrates are available for use on hydrocarbon spill fires using _____ devices and procedures. Type III devices may include ____ or _____.
1 to 6 percent (1:99 or 6:94 ratio of water to concentrate)
Outside of the foam concentrate container
Multipurpose
3 percent rate (3:97 ratio) on hydrocarbons
6 percent rate (6:94 ratio) on polar solvents
New multipurpose foam concentrates
3 percent
1 or 2.5 concentrations
1 percent AR foam concentrates
Type III application devices
Foam cannon or handheld nozzles
70
The ____ of ignited fuels cause them to consume finished foam as it is applied. When employing _____, _____, or ____ solution on a hydrocarbon spill fire, the DISCHARGE RATE should equal ________ percent of the area of the spill. Thus if a spill measures 1000 square feet, the solution application rate is _____ GPM. This rate varies with ____, ____, ____, and ____. Once the fire is extinguished, finished foam consumption is only effected by the _______, _____, and _______.
Dynamics
AFFF, FFFP, or AR-AFFF
10 percent
200 GPM
Fuel type, Fuel depth, finished foam type, and method of foam application
Latent heat of the fuel, weather conditions, and finished foams natural drainage rate.
71
The use of ___ started before World War II. These foams are virtually non-existent in todays municipal, industrial, or military fire service. Although rare, (___ ) may still be found in a ________.
Regular protein foam
Regular protein foam concentrate
Fixed fire suppression systems
72
_____ generally has very good heat stability, but it is not as mobile or fluid on the fuel surface as synthetic-based foam concentrates or modern flouroprotein derivatives.
Regular protein foam
73
_____ is very susceptible to fuel pick up; consequently, care should be taken to minimize submergence through plunging of the foam stream into the fuel.
Regular protein foam concentrate
74
______ conforms to the following characteristics:
Available in 3 and 6 percent concentrations
Excellent water retention capabilities
High heat resistance
Performance can be affected by freezing and thawing
Stores at temperatures ranging from 35F-120F (2C to 49C)
Compounded for freeze protection using a non flammable antifreeze solution
Not compatible with dry chem extinguishing agents
Only used on hydrocarbon fires
Regular protein foam concentrate
75
_____ , a combination protein based and synthetic based foam concentrate, is derived from protein foam concentrates to which flourochemical surfactants are added. The flourochemical surfactants are similar to those developed for AFFF concentrates but are used in _____ concentrations. The addition of these chemicals produces finished foam that flows ______.
Flouroprotein foam concentrate
Much lower concentrations
Across fuel surfaces rapidly
76
Because of these surfactants, flouroprotein foam concentrates are _____ (oil shedding) and well suited for _____.
Oleophobic (oil shedding)
| Well suited for subsurface injection
77
_____ concentrates exhibit the following characteristics:
Available in 3 and 6 percent concentrations
Stores at temperatures ranging from 35 to 120F (2C to 49C) however, can be freeze protected with nonflammable antifreeze solution
Performance not affected by freezing and thawing
Premixable for short periods of time
Maintains rather low viscosity at low temperatures
Compatible with simultaneous application of dry chemical extinguishing agents
Delivered through air-aspirating equipment
Suitable for use on gasoline that has been blended with oxygen additives
Flouroprotein foam concentrates
78
Flouroprotein foam concentrates can be formulated to be alcohol resistant by adding ____ that are suspended in ____. Alcohol-resistant flouroprotein foam concentrate maintains its alcohol-resistive properties for about ______. Alcohol resistant flouroprotein foam concentrates have a _____ degree of heat resistance and water retention.
Ammonia salts that are suspended in organic solvents
ABOUT 15 minutes
Very high degree
79
_______ foam concentrate is based on flouroprotein foam technology with aqueous film forming foam concentrate capabilities. This (_____) incorporates the benefits of AFFF concentrate for fast fire knockdown and the benefits of flouroprotein foam concentrate for long lasting heat resistance.
Film forming flouroprotein foam concentrate
80
_____ conforms to the following characteristics:
Available in 3 and 6 percent concentrations
Stores at temperatures ranging from 35 to 120F (2C to 49C) with fair low temperature viscosity
Stores premixed in portable fire extinguishers and fire apparatus water tanks
Compatible with simultaneous application of dry chemical FIREFIGHTING agents
Performance not affected by freezing and thawing
Use with either freshwater or saltwater
FFFP
81
______ is available in an alcohol resistant formulation. Alcohol-resistant_____ concentrate has all the firefighting capabilities of regular ______, including some of the following advantages:
Multipurpose-can be used on polar solvent fuels at ___ percent and hydrocarbon fuels at ___ percent concentrations( New concentrates that can be used at ___ percent on either type of fuel are also available)
Storage-can be stored at temperatures ranging from 35 to 120F (2C to 49C)
Premixable-can be mixed into a solution and stored ready for use
Subsurface injection- can be used for subsurface injection applications
Plunge into fuel- can be plunged into the fuel during application
Alcohol-resistant FFFP
6 percent
3 percent
3 percent
82
With the introduction of ____, the US Navy became interested in using that technology to improve their flammable liquid firefighting capabilities on aircraft carriers. The resulting research work was called ____. The 3M company later trademarked the term ____. The US Navy discovered that when a ____ was added to detergent foam concentrates, the water that drained from the foam blanket actually floated on jet fuel spills. This film is known as ______.
```
High-expansion detergent based foam
Project Light Water
Light Water
Fluorinated surfactant
An aqueous film
```
83
_______ is the most commonly used foam concentrate today.
AFFF
84
_____ is completely synthetic. It consists of ______ and _________ combined with high boiling point solvents and water. (___________) reduce the surface tension of water to a degree less than the surface tension of the (____________) so that a thin aqueous film can spread across the fuel.
Aqueous film forming foam concentrate
Fluorochemical and hydrocarbon surfactants
Fluorochemical surfactants
Hydrocarbon
85
_______ foams have the following characteristics:
Available in 1, 3, and 6 percent concentrations for use with either freshwater or saltwater
Premixable in portable fire extinguishers and apparatus water tanks
Stores at temperatures ranging from 25 to 120F (-5C to 49C)(not adversely affected by freezing and thawing but consult manufacturer)
Freeze-protective with a non-flammable antifreeze solution
Good low temperature viscosity
Suitable for subsurface injection
Fair penetrating capabilities in baled storage fuels or high surface tension fuels such as treated wood
Compatible with dry chemical extinguishing agents
Rather fast draining (reapply often to maintain ___________)
Film-forming characteristics adversely affected by fuels in excess of _____.
___________ in gasoline can adversely affect film forming characteristics; ___________ in reformulated gasoline can also hamper performance.
AFFF
Reapply often to maintain hot-spill security
IN EXCESS of 140F (60C)
Oxygen additives in gasoline
Solvent-based performance additives in reformulated gasoline
86
When _______ finished foam is applied to a hydrocarbon fire, the following three things occur:
__________ is released ahead of the foam blanket
The ______ then moves across the surface and around objects, adding further insulation.
As the aerated (__ to__) foam blanket continues to drain its water, more film is released. This gives _______finished foam the ability to “heal” over areas where the foam blanket is disturbed
AFFF (as well as the previously mentioned FFFP)
An air/vapor-excluding film
Fast-moving foam blanket
7:1 to 20:1
AFFF finished foam
87
On most polar solvents, alcohol-resistant AFFF concentrates are used at __ or __ percent (___ or __ water/concentrate ratios) use concentrations,depending on the ________. Stronger polar solvents require ________ that are higher than those required for weaker solvents or hydrocarbons. Alcohol-resistant AFFF solutions can also be used on hydrocarbon fires at __ percent (___ ratio) proportions.
3 or 6 percent (3:97 or 6:94 water/concentrate ratios)
Depending on the particular brand selected
Application rates
3 percent (3:97 ratio)
88
Concentrates designed to be proportioned at 3 percent on hydrocarbon fuels and 6 percent on polar solvent fuels are commonly referred to as _________ concentrates. Concentrates proportioned at 3 percent on both types of fuels are called _____ concentrates. Recently developed AR-AFFF concentrates are available in _________ percent formulations. Use at ____ percent for hydrocarbon spills (__ or less in depth) and ___ percent for hydrocarbons in depth (more than __) or polar solvents.
```
3 by 6 concentrates
3 by 3 concentrates
1 by 3 percent
1 percent (1:99)
(1 inch OR LESS in depth)
3 percent (3:97)
(MORE THAN 1 inch )
```
89
Technological advances in the area of hazardous material foam concentrates have recently produced ____ foam concentrates that can help stop ___ or ____ reactions. _____ foam concentrates are designed solely for use on unignited spills of hazardous liquids. Some are not effective in firefighting situations.
AR-AFFF
Acidic or alkaline reactions
Vapor-mitigating
90
_____ are special purpose foam concentrates that are similar to Class A foams. Because they have a ____, they minimize water damage. Their ____ is also useful when run-off is undesireable.
High-expansion foam concentrates
| Low-water content x2
91
High-expansion foam concentrates have three basic applications:
-
-
-
Concealed spaces
Fixed extinguishing systems
Class A fire applications
92
___ foam concentrates have the following characteristics:
Stores st temperatures ranging from 35 to 120F (2C to 49C)
Not affected by freezing and thawing
Poor heat resistance because the air-to-water ratio is very high
Expansion ratios of 200:1 to 1000:1 for high expansion uses, and 20:1 to 200:1 for medium expansion uses (whether the finished foam is used in either a medium or high-expansion capacity is determined by _______)
High-expansion foam concentrate
| Determined by the type of application device used
93
_____ are a type of foam concentrate that are intended for use with either Class A or Class B fires. Unlike finished foam that blankets the fuel, the _____ is designed to mix with the fuel, breaking it into small droplets and encapsulating them. The resulting ____ is rendered nonflammable.
Emulsifiers
Emulsifier
Emulsion
94
A number of drawbacks exist to the use of emulsifiers. They should only be used with fuels that are ____ or less in depth. Once the emulsifier is thoroughly mixed with the fuel, it renders the fuel _____.
Emulsifiers do not work effectively with ____ or ___ fuels because an emulsion cannot be formed between the ____ and ____.
1 inch OR LESS
Unsalvageable
Water-soluble or water-miscible fuels
Between the concentrate and fuel
95
Impurities within the water source may have a negative effect on the finished foam and clog the _____.
Distribution system
96
Under certain circumstances, 3 percent foam concentrates can be mixed at 6 percent (known as ____), which results in a slow spreading and slow draining foam blanket. Doubling the proportioning rate is a good way to slow foam drainage when dealing with ____ or _____. Slow draining foam blankets are desirable when _____ is desired.
Doubling up
Postfire fuel remains or unignited liquid fuel spills
Long-term vapor suppression
97
____ foam concentrates are subject to variables in proportioning ratios. The proportioning percentage for ____ concentrates can be adjusted to achieve specific objectives. To produce dry (thick) finished foam suitable for _____ and ____, the foam concentrate can be adjusted to a ______ percentage. To produce wet, fast-soaking foam that rapidly _________, the foam concentrate proportioning ratio can be adjusted to a _____ percentage.
```
Class A
Class A
Exposure protection and firebreaks
Higher percentage
Rapidly sinks into a fuels surface
Lower percentage
```
98
The selection of a proportioner depends on the _______ flow requirements, available _______, ______, type of _______(apparatus, fused, or portable), and the foam _______. Proportioners and _______ are engineered to work together. Using a foam proportioner that is __________ with the delivery device can result in unsatisfactorily finished foam or none at all.
Foam solution flow requirements, Available water pressure, cost, type of delivery system, and the foam concentrate.
Delivery devices
Not compatible
99
```
Four basic methods by which foam may be proportioned:
-
-
-
-
```
Eduction (induction)
Injection
Batch mixing
Premixing
100
_____-used a foam eductor, inductor, line proportioner, or ratio controller
Eduction (induction)
101
____- uses a foam-concentrate pump or bladder proportioner to pump foam concentrate at the appropriate ratio into a water stream
Injection
102
______- uses a “dump and pump” or one time use process
Batch mixing
103
______- stores in a solution (such as in a fire extinguisher) ready to use
Premixing
104
The ____ method of proportioning foam uses the pressure energy in the stream of water to induct(draft) foam concentrate into the fire stream. ______ is achieved by passing the stream of water through a device called an _______ that has a restricted diameter. within the restricted area is a _______ that is attached via a hose to the foam concentrate container. The pressure differential created by the water going through the restricted area and over the orifice creates a suction that draws the foam concentrate into the fire stream (____process). ____ and ____ are examples of foam proportioners that work by this method.
```
Eduction (induction)
Drafting
Eductor
Separate orifice
Venturi process
In-line eductors and foam nozzle eductors
```
105
The _____ method of proportioning foam uses an external pump or head pressure to force foam concentrate into the fire stream at the correct ratio for the flow desired. These systems are commonly employed in __________ or _______ applications.
Injection
| Apparatus-mounted or fixed fire-suppression system
106
________ (the simplest method of mixing foam concentrate and water) is commonly used to mix foam concentrates within a fire apparatus water tank or portable water tank. It also allows for ____ proportioning of foam concentrates. Batch mixing is commonly practiced with ____ concentrates and can be done with all concentrates except _______. Batch mixing is also commonly referred to as the _______ method.
Because dissimilar types of foam ____ when mixed together, only mix foam concentrates from similar families together. Drain, flush, and refill tanks and proportioners before adding ________ to the water.
```
Batch mixing
Accurate proportioning
Class A foam
Alcohol-resistant AFFF
Dump and pump method
Congeal
A different type foam concentrate
```
107
The _____ method ( one of the more commonly used methods of proportioning) mixes premeasured portions of water and foam concentrate in a container.
Premixing method
108
Typically, the premix method is used with portable ____, wheeled ____, skid mounted _____ units, and vehicle mounted tank extinguishing systems. In most cases, premixed solutions are discharged from a _______ using either a ______ or air. An alternative method of discharge uses a pump and a _________tank. Premix systems are limited to a _______ application.
Portable fire extinguishers, wheeled fire extinguishers, skid mounted multiagent extinguishing units, and vehicle mounted tank extinguishing systems
Pressure-rated tank
Compressed inert gas
Nonpressure-rated atmospheric storage tank
One-time application
109
Regardless of the storage method, the storage container must be constructed of a material that is _______ to the concentrate. Failure to use a receptacle made of concentrate-compatible material may result in a container/tank that eventually fails, either because of ________ or ________. Poly tanks, fiberglass tanks, and stainless steel tanks are generally ______. Do not use mild steel, galvanized steel, or aluminum for _________ or in _____________.
Chemically compatible
Container corrosion or foam concentrate contamination
“Foam friendly”
Foam tank construction or in foam concentrate piping
110
_______ are perhaps the most common containers used by fire and emergency services to ship and store foam concentrate. (___) tested and certified by UL and bearing its label are very durable. They are designed to pass __________. The containers must be airtight to prevent the concentrate from ______. _______ concentrates are particularly prone to ________.
```
5 gallon (19L) plastic pails
Pails
SEVERAL 4 foot (1.2m) drop tests with their contents frozen
Evaporating
AR-AFFF
Evaporation
```
111
If small pails are not convenient storage containers, foam concentrate may be shipped and stored in ___________. Foam concentrate weighs _____ than water. A general guideline for the weight of foam concentrate is to calculate about __ pounds per gallon which includes the weight of the container. Therefore, a _________ of foam concentrate weighs _____ pounds. Foam concentrate stored in drums listed by UL will withstand falls from___feet with their contents frozen.
55-gallon (209L) plastic or plastic lined barrels (drums)
Slightly more
About 9 pounds (4.05kg) per gallon (3.8L) which includes the weight of the container
A 55-gallon drum
495 pounds (223kg)
5 feet with their contents frozen
112
Foam concentrate can be transferred from the barrels to pails or apparatus tanks using ________________.
Specially designed transfer pumps
113
___________ are used in much the same way as barrels. The primary differences in the two containers are their sizes and the manner in which they are handled.
Intermediate bulk containers (sometimes referred to as IBC totes)
114
Intermediate bulk containers range in capacity from ___ to ____ gallons, depending on the manufacturer. Handling is provided by heavy lifting equipment such as ____. These containers are designed to fit comfortably on a ____. Some _____ and ____ response organizations locate these bulk containers on trailers at their facilities to increase the amount of foam concentrate available for refilling apparatus quickly. ________ are used in the refilling operation.
```
250 to 450 gallons
Forklifts
Forklift pallet
Airport and hazardous materials response organizations
Portable transfer pumps
```
115
__________ are specialty apparatus that are similar in design to large capacity water tenders found in rural fire departments.
Foam tenders or tankers
116
Foam tenders and some industrial foam pumpers have large __________ tanks and ______ water tanks. The vehicles may be built on a __________ or as ______ combinations. Tank capacities can range from ____ gallons to as much as ____ gallons. Units may be equipped with _______ to connect them to pumper apparatus. Some fire and emergency services organizations have modified old pumpers by replacing the steel water tank with a ____, ___, or ____ foam tank. These apparatus can then be placed in service as foam tenders with large caliber, ______ foam cannons or simple eductor systems and foam concentrate transfer pumps.
Large foam concentrate tanks and no water tanks
Straight frame with tandem rear axles or as tractor/trailer combinations
1500 gallons to as much as 8000 gallons
Transfer pumps
Poly, fiberglass, or stainless steel foam tank
Large caliber, self-inducting foam cannons
117
________ are found on municipal and industrial fire and emergency service pumpers, foam tenders, and ARFF apparatus.
Foam concentrate tanks
118
Foam concentrate tanks on fire and emergency services pumpers range from _____ to ___ gallons. ARFF apparatus may carry concentrate in excess of ____ gallons. Apparatus foam tanks must be fitted with ____ and a ______ to prevent evaporation.
20 to 200 gallons
IN EXCESS of 600 gallons
Fitted with airtight tank lids and a vacuum/pressure vent
119
__________ storage tanks are not acceptable for foam concentrate storage because they expose the concentrate in the filler tank to the atmosphere. Long exposure to air causes foam concentrate to ___, which is a particular concern in the storage of ______ concentrates. This foam has water rather than a ________ in its formulation and is prone to evaporation. Over long time periods (_____ to _____) foam concentrate thickens and becomes difficult if not impossible to proportion.
```
Standard vented atmospheric storage tanks
Dry
AR-AFFF
Dispersing solvent
Months to years
```
120
Keep mobile apparatus tanks ___. Failure to do so causes sloshing that will ___ foam concentrate in the foam tank. Aerated foam concentrate will proportion ___. (__) foam solutions can be ineffective or totally useless. AR-AFFF concentrates are of particular concern because they may take ____ to settle after being agitated or improperly pumped during transfer operations. The ___, ___, and ____ of foam concentrate tanks vary depending on the apparatus design. _____ foam concentrate tanks are located directly above the fire pump area. New designs incorporate foam concentrate tanks as _____ within apparatus water tanks. Large foam concentrate tanks such as those on ARFF apparatus may be ____ to the apparatus water tank. Many fire and emergency services organizations that do not use foam concentrates on a regular basis but have the potential to need a large quantity of concentrate have special foam _______ that can be pulled behind other apparatus when needed.
```
Full
Aerate
Lean x2
Weeks
Type, location, and design
Small
Integral cells
Directly adjacent
Foam Concentrate trailers
```
121
Industrial and shipboard facilities equipped with _____ have large concentrate tanks that supply these systems. These tanks are usually located in the __________ of the foam proportioning equipment. The sizes of the foam concentrate tanks vary, depending on several variables, although tanks in excess of ______ capacity are common. Storage tank variables include the following:
-
-
-
Fixed fire-suppression foam systems
In the vicinity of
IN EXCESS of 3000 gallon capacity
-Size or capacity of the foam fire-suppression system
-Hazard being protected
-Discharge duration required for extinguishment
122
Storage tanks for large quantities of foam concentrate may also be found at ________ and _______ facilities. These tanks are designed to hold a _____ quantity of foam concentrate, depending on the organizations _______. They usually have permanent ____ and ____ that permit the refilling of apparatus tanks from above. The overhead fill hose is placed into the _____ on the top of the apparatus, and the filling is monitored to prevent spilling or overfilling.
Airports and hazardous materials response facilities
Specific quantity
Organizations needs
Permanent transfer pumps and overhead piping
Fill hatch
123
Foam-firefighting concentrates and delivery systems have been available since ______.
Since the early 1900s
