FMST 210

Question 1

Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s view

Answer 1

Active

“Born good; corrupted by society”

Question 2

John Locke’s view

Answer 2

Passive

“born bad, society protects us from corruption

Question 3

Biological Perspective

• what is it?
• Maturational theory
• Ethological theory

Answer 3

• development determined by biological forces
• development reflect on natural unfolding of pre-arranged biological plan
• behaviours viewed as adaptive/ for survival value

Question 4

Critical Period

Answer 4

time during child is ready & able to learn something

Question 5

Imprinting

Answer 5

forming emotional bond between child & first moving object (usually mother, not always)

Question 6

Psychodyanmic Perspective

• what is it?
• Freud theory
• Oedipus Complex theory
• Erikson’s stages

Answer 6

• development determined by how child resolves conflict @ diff. ages
• id (unconscious, pleasure), ego (rational, balance), super ego (moral, social mandates)
• normative development trajectory (displace same-sex parent –> identification w/parents to show taboo/ incest)
• 8 stages: involves crisis that must be resolved

Question 7

The Learning Perspective

-Classical Conditioning

Answer 7

form associations between stimuli

• recognize events occur in everyday world –> anticipate
• learning that happens below & beyond consciousness
• ex. John Watson - teaching children ‘fear’

Question 8

The Learning Perspective

-Operant Conditioning

Answer 8

• consequences of behaviour (neg/pos reinforcements)

- makes association between particular behaviour & consequence

Question 9

The Cognitive Developmental Perspective

Answer 9

-children’s effort to understand world

Question 10

The Contextual Perspective: Scaffolding

Answer 10

development determined by immediate (family) and distance environments (school)
-Vygotsky - adults convey children beliefs, customs & skills of their culture

Question 11

Mendelian disease

Answer 11

single gene influence

Question 12

genotype

Answer 12

complete set of genes

Question 13

phenotype

Answer 13

physical, behavioral and psychological feature (interaction between gene & environment)

Question 14

The view of a child’s mind as a tabula rasa emphasizes the role of _________ in shaping a child’s development

Answer 14

experience

Question 15

___________ are detailed, systematic observations of individual children

Answer 15

baby biographies

Question 16

in maturational theory, development consists of___________.

Answer 16

unfolding specific and prearranged scheme/plan within the body

Question 17

Ethologist shows some behaviors can only be learned during a _________, when organisms are biologically prepared for that learning

Answer 17

critical period

Question 18

Freud’s psychodynamic theory emphasize the role of _______ in shaping their development

Answer 18

early experiences

Question 19

In Erikson’s psychosocial theory, development is driven by need to resolve conflict between ______________.

Answer 19

a person’s biological drives & society’s standards of right

Question 20

According to Jean Piaget, children of all ages create_________.

Answer 20

theories that help them understand the world

Question 21

A systems of view of families divides the environment into microsystems, the mesosystem, the exosystem, macrosystem, and _________

Answer 21

the chronosystem

Question 22

Finding that early development is related to later development is evidence for __________ in development

Answer 22

continuity

Question 23

Accord to the ____________ of children, they are masters of their own destinies

Answer 23

active view

Question 24

Polygenic inhertance

Answer 24

involves many genes (effects of genes very small)

Question 25

The human genotype consists of 22 pairs of ___ and one pair of sex chromosomes

Answer 25

autosomes

Question 26

Each chormosome actually consists of one molecule of _______

Answer 26

DNA

Question 27

Inherited disorders are usually caused by _______ alleles.

Answer 27

recessive

Question 28

Genetic counselling usually involves obtaining a detailed family history as well as ___________.

Answer 28

genetic testing

Question 29

When a child has extra, missing, or damaged chromosomes, the usual result is that _______.

Answer 29

development is distrupted

Question 30

Down syndrome is caused by _______.

Answer 30

an additional 21st chromosome

Question 31

_______ is the branch of genetics concerned with the inheritance of behavioral and psychological traits

Answer 31

Behaviour genetics

Question 32

In ____________, the phenotype reflects the combined influence of many pairs of genes.

Answer 32

polygentic inheritance

Question 33

When a fertilized egg splits in two, ________results

Answer 33

monozygotic twins (identical)

Question 34

Twin studies are based on the assumption that _________.

Answer 34

when heredity is involved,, identical twins resemble each other

Question 35

In an adoption study, inherited trait will cause adopted children to resemble their _________.

Answer 35

biological parents

Question 36

The main drawback to adoption studies is that ______________

Answer 36

agencies place adoptees in enviornment like those of their biological parents

Question 37

__________ refers to the constant interactions across development between genes and multiple levels of the enviornment

Answer 37

epigenesis

Question 38

Niche-picking refers to the fact children & adolescents ___________.

Answer 38

end up being exposed to environment based on their genes

Question 39

______ make children within a family different from each other

Answer 39

Non-shared environmental influences

Question 40

The fertilized egg implants in the wall of the uterus during the period of the _____

Answer 40

zygote

Question 41

Differentiation of cells begins in the period of the ____

Answer 41

embryo

Question 42

Developing organism becomes much larger and its bodily system begin to work during the period of the _____

Answer 42

fetus

Question 43

General risk factors during prenatal development include inadequate nutrition, stress, and ___________

Answer 43

maternal age

Question 44

Diseases, drugs and _____ are common categories of teratogens

Answer 44

environmental hazards

Question 45

Exposure to teratogens during the period of the fetus usually results in ______

Answer 45

minor defects in bodily structure/ improperly functioning of body systems

Question 46

______ is a procedure that generates an image of the fetus, which can determine sex

Answer 46

ultrasound

Question 47

One way to check for genetic disorders in fetus is amniocentesis; another is ________

Answer 47

chronic villus sampling (CVS)

Question 48

The first stage of labour is usually the longest, but the baby is born in the ____ stage

Answer 48

second

Question 49

Prepared childbirth emphasizes education, ___, and the presence of supportive adult

Answer 49

relaxation

Question 50

A woman who, following childbirth, experiences prolong irritation, feelings of low-self worth, and disturbed sleep is probably suffering from ____________________.

Answer 50

postpartum depression

Question 51

At-risk infants often develop normally if __________.

Answer 51

exposed to stable support environment

Question 52

_________ uses five vital signs to provide a quick, rough evaluation of a newborn's status

Answer 52

Apgar score

Question 53

Infants spend theur day alternating between sleeping, crying, alert inactivity and ____________.

Answer 53

waking activity

Question 54

The national program to eliminate sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) encourages ____________.

Answer 54

infants sleeping on their backs

Question 55

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Answer 55

consuming large quantities of alcohol/moderate amounts -physical abnormality (facial development, heart problems, brain development)

Question 56

Physical growth is particularly rapid during infancy and ___________.

Answer 56

adolescence

Question 57

Sleep is essential for normal growth b/c this is when most _________ is secreted

Answer 57

growth hormone

Question 58

Breastfeeding has many advantages for infants, including protecting from disease (thru the mother's antibodies), reducing cases of diarrhea and constipation, easing the transition to solid foods, and _________.

Answer 58

avoiding contamination (significant problem with bottle-feeding in developing countries)

Question 59

The role of environment in triggering puberty is shown by cross-national comparisons, by historical data, and by impact of ____ on the onset of puberty in girls

Answer 59

social environment (stressful environment)

Question 60

Maturing early often has harmful consequences for ____________.

Answer 60

girls

Question 61

To break vicious cycle of malnutrition, children need an improved diet and ________.

Answer 61

parental education that teach parents how to foster child development

Question 62

Adolescents afflicted with ______ alternate between binge eating and purging themselves

Answer 62

bulimia nervosa

Question 63

One reason why obese children overeat is that they pay more attention to _____ cues to eating

Answer 63

external

Question 64

Intergrated Management of Childhood illness attempts to combat childhood diseases by improving skills of healthcare professionals, improving healthcare system so that the are more responsive to childhood disease and ___________

Answer 64

changing family and community practices to prevent illness | ie. sleep under mosquito netting

Question 65

______ are the leading cause of death for North American adolescents

Answer 65

Motor-vehicle accidents

Question 66

The _____ is the part of the neuron that contains the biological machinery that keeps it alive

Answer 66

cell body

Question 67

During prenatal development and continuing into childhood & adolescence, axons of nerve cells acquire myelin, a fatty wrap that allows neurons to ___________.

Answer 67

transmit information more rapidly

Question 68

With development, brain systems become more specialized, in the smaller brain regions become activated and ____________.

Answer 68

more specific stimuli trigger brain activity

Question 69

In ________ growth, a developing brain depends upon environmental stimulation to fine-tune neural circuits

Answer 69

Experience-expectant

Question 70

A developing brain is more plastic than a mature brain which means that following injury a developing brain is _____________.

Answer 70

more likely to recover