FMST 210 Flashcards
What is Human Development?
How we change in our physical, cognitive, social/emotional being, changes that occur through life.
Different stages of development
Development is multidimensional and influences by contexts
6 Key Principles of lifespan development
- Lifelong development
- Plasticity
- Multidirectional and multidimensional
- Contextual Embeddedness
- Gain and Losses
- Multifaceted Influences
What are the three domains of development?
- Physical Development
- Cognitive Development
- Social/Emotional Development
5 Key Questions/Debates of Human Development
- Nature or Nurture
- Blank or Inherent Traits
- Active or Passive
- Stability or Change
- Continuous or Stages
What is Bronfenbrenners Theory and Ideas?
- Principles of (Bio) Ecological Theory
( The Five Systems - microsystem ect)
6 Principles to Bronfenbrenner’s Principles of Ecological Theory
- Development in Context (Humans develop in the contexts in which they are surrounded, highly influenced by their immediate surroundings)
- Bidirectional (Humans are not only influenced by the environment around them but also actively shape their surroundings)
- Five Systems (his theory is organized into a series of five nested “systems” or levels)
- Changes over time (contexts change over time)
- Contextual Embeddedness (Development is influences by cultural, historical, and social contexts, highlighting the importance of the scope of contexts)
- Importance of relationships (a child require one or more persons with whom they can attach and who is committed to the child’s well being and development)
What are Bronfenbrenners 5 systems?
- Microsystem
- Mesosystem
- Exosystem
- Macrosystem
- Chronosystem
Describe Bronfenbrenner’s Microsystem?
The microsystem includes individuals and environments that have direct contact with a child. Directly influences the child’s life and can be influences by interacting with the child.
Relationships in Microsystems are bi-directional
Describe Bronfenbrenner’s Mesosystem?
The mesosytem is the system that includes all the interaction in a child’s microsystem.
Microsystem is interconnected by interacting with each other and influence each other (parent and teacher)
Describe Bronfenbrenner’s Exosystems?
Refers to larger structure that the child does not participate in directly, but still impact the child’s development. The layer may include parent’s workplace policies, school curriculum, mass media, and government
No direct influence but can still feel impact on daily life
Describe Bronfenbrenner’s Macrosystem?
Macrosystem is the broad socio-cultural context that includes cultural values and beliefs that society holds. This explains the various types of economic and social support available for families in different life situations.
Cultural Ideologies, attitudes, and values
Beliefs about family and social issues
Values and beliefs establish norms and policies
Describe Bronfenbrenner’s Chronosystem?
The chronosystem relates to the life changes that occur in an individuals life such as the addition of new family members, as well as growing through developing stages, as well as historical changes that occurs in the historical contexts.
How children responds depends on support systems
Broad historical changes (covid)
Addition of Proximal Processes
Enduring and persistent forms of interactions in the immediate environment
Learning activities, roles, and relationships that make up the microsystems
What was B.F. Skinner’s ideas?
Operant Conditioning Process (Skinner’s Theory of Learning)
How behaviour shaped our experiences and how behaviour shaped our future experiences
Describe Skinners 4 Operant Conditioning behaviours
Positive Reinforcement (adding to): good, keep doing the behaviour in the future (candy for potty training)
Positive Punishment (adding to): inherent to change behaviour, future choices may lead to a different behaviour (adding chores or stricter rules in hopes a child would change behaviour)
Negative Reinforcement (taking away) = talking away to continue with t he same behaviour (taking away a child chores for good behaviour)
Negative Punishment (talking away) = intent to change behaviour, future choices may lead to a different behaviour (talking away iPad time when they are bad)
What was Albert Bandura known for?
Social learning theory, self-efficacy, and the Bobo doll experiments
Children learn from observation
What was the Bobo Doll Experiment?
Child sit alone in the room and watch an adult punch a toy
Then a new adult takes away the child’s toys
Then kids go back into the room with the doll and they punched the doll
Children intimate others no matter where the saw the behavior (live, tv, cartoon)
Kids who saw they adult was punished showed less aggression later, seeing reward did not change, but seeing punishment influenced the children
What is reciprocal determinism?
Our behaviour, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other
What are the four additional factors influencing behaviour?
Attention (to learn you must pay attention)
Retention (To learn you must be able to act on learning later)
Reproduction (You must be able to perform the behaviour you observe)
Motivation (You must be motivated to imitate modelled behaviour)
What does Erik Erickson cover?
Identify influenced by social relationships and crises through the lifespan
8 stages of psychosocial development
(each stage of life is associated with a specific psychological struggle)
What is Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development?
During each stage, people face a development conflict that must be resolved to develop the primary virtue of that stage
What is all 8 stages in Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?
- Trust vs Mistrust (infant)
- Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (toddler)
- Initiative vs Guilt (preschooler)
- Industry vs Inferiority (grade schooler)
- Identity vs Role Confusion (Adolescent)
- Intimacy vs Isolation (Young adult_
- Generativity vs stagnation (middle age adult)
- Integrity vs despair (older adult)
Explain Erikson first stage of development (Trust vs Mistrust) (Age 0-1)
Learn ability to affect events around oneself
Parents are loving and respond/quality of care
Secure attachments lead to later success
If they do not have a parent to trust and meet their needs then they may be unsuccessful, and develop mistrust and will not be able to gain trust in the future.
Impacts all future experiences with trust
If you have mistrust then it will show in friendships, relationships, teacher, ect.
Explain Erikson’s second stage of development (Autonomy vs Shame) (Age 2-3)
Developing a sense of self/identity
Freedom of choices - want to do what they are capable of doing
Independence - wants to do everything for self
Children love opportunities to demonstrate they can do things themselves
If children don’t have opportunities to demonstrate their autonomy then they can feel a lot of shame and doubt as a child and in the future, a lifelong experience.
Parents must let children try things for themselves, parents can offer choices for their child so they can feel autonomous
Explain Erikson’s third stage of development (Initiative vs Guilt) (Age 4-5)
Goal oriented
Sense of self grows; sensitive to labels
More assertive with wants and needs
Attempt adult activities
Children want to try things out, want to maybe try things that adults are doing. They want to try new opportunities and demonstrate they can show they can do things others can do.
If dad is going golfing then the kid will show they want to go too.
Explain Erikson’s fourth stage of development (Industry vs Inferiority) (6-12)
Focus on:
- Doing
- Getting things done
- Developing competencies
- Skill building
- Using tools
When child doesn’t believe they can compete/learn - run the risk of feeling inferior
Crisis is about building industry (completing tasks, demonstrate skills)
Need to feel success
Explain Erikson’s fifth stage of development (Identity vs Role Confusion) (teens to early 20’s)
Review and refine sense of self/identity
Test new roles and incorporate them into an identity
Important events: forming relationships with friends
Essentially who we are, friends/peer groups are the most important influencers of this process.
Explain Erikson’s sixth stage of development (Intimacy vs Isolation) (20s to 40s)
Develop intimate relationships, capacity for love
Important event: forming love and/or strong relationships
Explain Erikson’s seventh stage of development (Generatively vs Stagnation) (40s to 60s)
Family and work can satisfy desire to contribute to world
Supporting and satisfying future generation
Explain Erikson’s eighth stage of development (Integrity vs Despair) (60+)
Reflection on entire life: Did I contribute to this world?
Sense of fulfillment OR sense of melancholy that moments didn’t occur
What are the attachment the styles?
- Secure
- positive thoughts about self and others; comfortable with intimacy and autonomy - Disorganized
- put up walls to protect self; don’t trust other people
What is attachment theory of development?
Babies are born with an innate need to bond with their caregiver (develop a sense of security - “secure base”)
What did Jean Piaget discuss?
Argued for “genetic epistemology” a timetable established by nature for the development of the child’s ability to think
Stages of development
What is Piaget’s first stage of development? (0-2)
Sensorimotor (object permanence)
Experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing)
begin to understand cause and effect
Object permanence; stranger anxiety
What is Piaget’s second stage of development? (Age 2-5 or 6)
Pre-operational (Ecocentrism) (Language Acquisition)
Representing things with words and images but lacking reasoning, increase in communication
Pretend play; egocentrism; language development
What is Piaget’s third stage of development? (Age 6 or 7-11)
Concrete operational (Conservation) (logic)
Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing math operations
Conversation; mathematical transformations
Able to focus on more than one idea at a time
What is Piaget’s fourth stage of development? (age 12-adult)
Formal operational (abstract logic)
Abstract reasoning
Abstract logic; potential for moral reasoning
Can think systematically to solve problems
Can consider ethics in logic
What is sociocultural development theory?
Children construct their own knowledge
Learning happens in a social setting
Learning happens through guided participation with a MKO
What did Lev Vygotsky discuss?
Studied the role of social and cultural factors in lifespan development
Cultural values and customs dictate what is important to learn
What is the zone of proximal development?
Difference between what a child can do independently (already) and what a child needs help from a more knowledgeable person to do (in order to learn)
What are the 5 types of family? The evolving family structure
- nuclear
- single parent
- extended
- blended
- common law
Vanier Institute Families Count Statistics
Couples today are less likely to get married or marrying later
Divorce rates have declined since the early 1990’s
One-parent families are more common than before
More couples today are choosing to live together without getting married
Young adults are more likely to like with parents
Multigenerational households are one of the fastest growing household types
Fertility rates have hit a record low
Fathers represent a growing share of parents in one-parent families
What are the functions of the family?
Physical maintenance and care
Addition of new members
Socialization of children
Love and emotional nurturance
Producing, consuming and
distributing goods and services
What is the family resource perspective?
The capacity for families to care depends on support and the role of other systems to support families’ needs.
As families can vary in their structure and living circumstances, so can their available economic and psychological resources and the support available to them.
The quality of the relationships in the microsystem is central to how a child develops and the potential outcome of that development. These relationships are highly influenced by the social and economic resources available to families.
what is more important when determining lifespan development (Functions of family or family structure)
Functions of family (what families DO) are more important than family structure (what families are) in determining lifespan development.
