fmsc332 Flashcards
study exam 1
continuous vs. discontinuous development
continuous: small or gradual, difficult to notice a change
discontinuous: changes are made in steps, easy to notice a change
normative vs. individual development
normative: general changes that virtually all children share as they grow older
individual: individual variations around the normative course of development- continuity within a child’s own developmental pathway
physical, cognitive, social-emotional domains of development:
impacts and influences development in the other domains. continually interact with each other so that development in one domain
cross-cultural research
finds both universal processes that apply across cultures as well as important cultural differences
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the internal process of the mind, but learning theories focus on:
observable behavior
A new understanding that has emerged from the research in neuropsychology is that:
biology impacts behavior but the environment also affects biological functioning
the ____ variable is the one that the researcher controls or manipulates in the experiment and the ____ variable is the outcome that is measured at the end of the experiment
independent, dependent
we cannot determine the behavior from a correlation because:
we do not have control over other variables that may affect the correlation
an advantage that chorionic villus sampling has over amniocentesis as a method of prenatal testing for genetic disorders is that:
get test chorionic villus sampling can be done earlier in the pregnancy so the parents get the test results sooner
which of the following statements about maternal smoking is true?
maternal smoking has been associated with attention deficit disorder (ADD), conduct disorders, and learning disabilities
Baby is born with an Apgar score of 6. This means that:
some intervention is needed, such as additional suction to help the baby breathe, massage, or administration of oxygen
physical development
biological changes that occur in the body and brain including changes of size, strength and integration of sensory and motor activities
cognitive development
changes in the way we think, understand about the world
social-emotional development
changes in the way we connect to other individuals and express and understand emotions
microsystem
child’s daily environment, all settings, people, and objects, that touch the child’s daily life
mesosystem
connections in a child’s intermediate environment
interactions and exchanges of info between microsystem components
ex: parent-teacher conferences, slumber parties with friends from school, parents helping child with homework
exosystem
social or institutional contexts that do not include children directly but still affect them
ex: parent’s workplace, flexible work schedules, maternity/paternity leave, health and welfare services in the community
macrosystem
cultural values, laws, customs, and resources
culture: system of beliefs attitudes valuess and guidelines for behavior
cultures differ in how they socialize children
subculture: ethnicity, religion, occupation
extinction
in operant conditioning, the process by which a behavior stops when it recieves no response from the envionment
social cognitive theory
individuals learn by observing others and imitating their behavior
schema
cognitive structures that can be applied to a variety of situations
assimilation
applying an existing capability without modification to various situations
accommodation
modifying an existing strategy or kill to meet a new demand of the environment
equilibration
a self-regulatory process that produces increasingly effective adaptations
chronosystem
dimension of time, including one’s age and the time in history in which one lives
dynamic systems theory
all aspects of development interact and affect each other in a dynamic process over time
cross-sectional research
comparing groups of people at different ages at the same time
pros: quick, cheap, practical
cons: cannot show process, cannot show causation,
beware of cohort effects
longitudinal research
following the same people over a designated time period Can be prospective
pros: Examines process and shows can indicate cause and effect
cons: Expensive, time-consuming, attrition
experimental research
Conditions are controlled & manipulated so as to rule out an influences except the one(s) being investigated
pros: control conditions and eliminate variability
cons: results not always generalizable to everyday settings (ecological validity); unethical to test some questions
non-experimental Research
Also referred to as correlational research, natural experiments, naturalistic observations (class papers), survey research, qualitative
Ethical Considerations for Child Development Research
Benefits and risks
Protection from harm
Informed consent
Debriefing after the research is done
canalization
the degree to which the expression of a gene is influenced by the environment
epigenetics
genes are activated or silenced in response to event or circumstances in the individual environment
amniocentesis
A test to look for genetic abnormalities prenatally, in which a physician uses a long, thin needle to extract amniotic fluid, which is then tested
Passive gene-environment interaction
situation in which child’s family shares his own genetically determined abilities and interests
Active gene-environment interaction
situation in which a child’s genetic endowment becomes a driving force to seek out experiences that fit her genetic endowments
Evocative gene-environment interactiorn
situation in which children’s genetic endowment causes them to act in a way that draws out or evokes certain responses from those around them
Prenatal Development & 3 stages
Conception to birth, about 38 weeks
Germinal period
Embryonic period
Fetal period
Germinal Period 0-2 weeks
Cells divide and differentiate = blastocyst
Placenta forms (oxygen and nutrients are transferred, waste is removed)
Zygote attaches to uterine wall
About 50% fail to implant (5 out of 10)
Embryonic Period 3 - 8 weeks
Zygote is now called an embryo
Cells differentiate into key body systems
Placenta, umbilical cord and amniotic sac fully develop
Critical period: major abnormalities can occur with each of these developments during this time
Fetal Period Week 9 weeks- Birth
Embryo is now called a fetus
Major body parts grow and become refined
12 weeks: moves arms and legs
22 weeks: age of viability
24 weeks: baby turns upside down
Only about 2% are spontaneously aborted
Environmental Problems in Prenatal Development
Teratogens: substances in the environment that can cause abnormalities during prenatal development, usually the greatest danger is during the embryonic period
Include: alcohol, drugs, medications, hormones, diseases, stress, nutrition, pollution, chemicals, violence, smoking
Effects of Teratogens
Depends on quantity and timing
Baby can be born addicted
Miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery, low birth weight, increased heart rate
Impaired arousal, cognitive functioning, language development, reading skills, and social skills
Hypersensitive to touch, sound, and position changes; avoid stimulation
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
happens when a baby is exposed to drugs in the womb before birth. A baby can then go through drug withdrawal after birth.
NAS most often is caused when a woman takes opioids during pregnancy.
Babies with NAS are more likely than other babies to be born with low birthweight (less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces), have breathing problems, seizures or convulsions, intense crying, inadequate sleep, poor feeding
signs & symptoms Neonatal abstinence syndrome
different for every baby
Most happen within 3 days of birth, but some may happen right after birth or not until a few weeks after.
They can last from 1 week to 6 months after birth.
Medicine is used to treat severe withdrawal symptoms. Once withdrawal is under control, baby gets smaller doses of the medicine over time
Cognitive and motor delays in early childhood
Birth defects and opioid use
Birth defects associated with heroin may include any of the following: Premature birth of baby Hypoglycemia Low birth weight Breathing difficulties Intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain) Infant death Infant addiction
Zika: Teratogen in 2016
Exposure to Zika virus occurs at a critical time in prenatal development
We’ve seen an increase in the number of cases of microcephaly identified in the first trimester
The typical pattern of findings in Zika-exposed fetuses and infants: severe microcephaly, intracranial calcifications, and other brain abnormalities
Microcephaly is rare in the United States, with an incidence of 6 per 10,000 live births
Adverse birth outcomes have been seen in offspring of women who spent only a limited period of time in an area where Zika virus was endemic.
Prenatal Development in Context
Genes guide within environmental contexts that include events and developmental changes in the past and present
Genes are activated and deactivated in response to environmental signals
The mother is embedded in physical, social, and cultural environments that can affect her body and her developing child
Early labor
first phase in the first stage of labor, contractions are usually not painful but the cervix begins to thin out and dilate
Active labor
second phase in the first stage of labor in which contractions become longer, stronger, and frequent
the cervix dilates to 4 centimeters
