fmsc332

Question 1

continuous vs. discontinuous development

Answer 1

continuous: small or gradual, difficult to notice a change
discontinuous: changes are made in steps, easy to notice a change

Question 2

normative vs. individual development

Answer 2

normative: general changes that virtually all children share as they grow older
individual: individual variations around the normative course of development- continuity within a child’s own developmental pathway

Question 3

physical, cognitive, social-emotional domains of development:

Answer 3

impacts and influences development in the other domains. continually interact with each other so that development in one domain

Question 4

cross-cultural research

Answer 4

finds both universal processes that apply across cultures as well as important cultural differences

Question 5

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the internal process of the mind, but learning theories focus on:

Answer 5

observable behavior

Question 6

A new understanding that has emerged from the research in neuropsychology is that:

Answer 6

biology impacts behavior but the environment also affects biological functioning

Question 7

the ____ variable is the one that the researcher controls or manipulates in the experiment and the ____ variable is the outcome that is measured at the end of the experiment

Answer 7

independent, dependent

Question 8

we cannot determine the behavior from a correlation because:

Answer 8

we do not have control over other variables that may affect the correlation

Question 9

an advantage that chorionic villus sampling has over amniocentesis as a method of prenatal testing for genetic disorders is that:

Answer 9

get test chorionic villus sampling can be done earlier in the pregnancy so the parents get the test results sooner

Question 10

which of the following statements about maternal smoking is true?

Answer 10

maternal smoking has been associated with attention deficit disorder (ADD), conduct disorders, and learning disabilities

Question 11

Baby is born with an Apgar score of 6. This means that:

Answer 11

some intervention is needed, such as additional suction to help the baby breathe, massage, or administration of oxygen

Question 12

physical development

Answer 12

biological changes that occur in the body and brain including changes of size, strength and integration of sensory and motor activities

Question 13

cognitive development

Answer 13

changes in the way we think, understand about the world

Question 14

social-emotional development

Answer 14

changes in the way we connect to other individuals and express and understand emotions

Question 15

microsystem

Answer 15

child’s daily environment, all settings, people, and objects, that touch the child’s daily life

Question 16

mesosystem

Answer 16

connections in a child’s intermediate environment
interactions and exchanges of info between microsystem components
ex: parent-teacher conferences, slumber parties with friends from school, parents helping child with homework

Question 17

exosystem

Answer 17

social or institutional contexts that do not include children directly but still affect them
ex: parent’s workplace, flexible work schedules, maternity/paternity leave, health and welfare services in the community

Question 18

macrosystem

Answer 18

cultural values, laws, customs, and resources
culture: system of beliefs attitudes valuess and guidelines for behavior
cultures differ in how they socialize children
subculture: ethnicity, religion, occupation

Question 19

extinction

Answer 19

in operant conditioning, the process by which a behavior stops when it recieves no response from the envionment

Question 20

social cognitive theory

Answer 20

individuals learn by observing others and imitating their behavior

Question 21

schema

Answer 21

cognitive structures that can be applied to a variety of situations

Question 22

assimilation

Answer 22

applying an existing capability without modification to various situations

Question 23

accommodation

Answer 23

modifying an existing strategy or kill to meet a new demand of the environment

Question 24

equilibration

Answer 24

a self-regulatory process that produces increasingly effective adaptations

Question 25

chronosystem

Answer 25

dimension of time, including one's age and the time in history in which one lives

Question 26

dynamic systems theory

Answer 26

all aspects of development interact and affect each other in a dynamic process over time

Question 27

cross-sectional research

Answer 27

comparing groups of people at different ages at the same time pros: quick, cheap, practical cons: cannot show process, cannot show causation, beware of cohort effects

Question 28

longitudinal research

Answer 28

following the same people over a designated time period Can be prospective pros: Examines process and shows can indicate cause and effect cons: Expensive, time-consuming, attrition

Question 29

experimental research

Answer 29

Conditions are controlled & manipulated so as to rule out an influences except the one(s) being investigated pros: control conditions and eliminate variability cons: results not always generalizable to everyday settings (ecological validity); unethical to test some questions

Question 30

non-experimental Research

Answer 30

Also referred to as correlational research, natural experiments, naturalistic observations (class papers), survey research, qualitative

Question 31

Ethical Considerations for Child Development Research

Answer 31

Benefits and risks Protection from harm Informed consent Debriefing after the research is done

Question 32

canalization

Answer 32

the degree to which the expression of a gene is influenced by the environment

Question 33

epigenetics

Answer 33

genes are activated or silenced in response to event or circumstances in the individual environment

Question 34

amniocentesis

Answer 34

A test to look for genetic abnormalities prenatally, in which a physician uses a long, thin needle to extract amniotic fluid, which is then tested

Question 35

Passive gene-environment interaction

Answer 35

situation in which child's family shares his own genetically determined abilities and interests

Question 36

Active gene-environment interaction

Answer 36

situation in which a child's genetic endowment becomes a driving force to seek out experiences that fit her genetic endowments

Question 37

Evocative gene-environment interactiorn

Answer 37

situation in which children's genetic endowment causes them to act in a way that draws out or evokes certain responses from those around them

Question 38

Prenatal Development & 3 stages

Answer 38

Conception to birth, about 38 weeks Germinal period Embryonic period Fetal period

Question 39

Germinal Period 0-2 weeks

Answer 39

Cells divide and differentiate = blastocyst Placenta forms (oxygen and nutrients are transferred, waste is removed) Zygote attaches to uterine wall About 50% fail to implant (5 out of 10)

Question 40

Embryonic Period 3 - 8 weeks

Answer 40

Zygote is now called an embryo Cells differentiate into key body systems Placenta, umbilical cord and amniotic sac fully develop Critical period: major abnormalities can occur with each of these developments during this time

Question 41

Fetal Period Week 9 weeks- Birth

Answer 41

Embryo is now called a fetus Major body parts grow and become refined 12 weeks: moves arms and legs 22 weeks: age of viability 24 weeks: baby turns upside down Only about 2% are spontaneously aborted

Question 42

Environmental Problems in Prenatal Development

Answer 42

Teratogens: substances in the environment that can cause abnormalities during prenatal development, usually the greatest danger is during the embryonic period Include: alcohol, drugs, medications, hormones, diseases, stress, nutrition, pollution, chemicals, violence, smoking

Question 43

Effects of Teratogens

Answer 43

Depends on quantity and timing Baby can be born addicted Miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery, low birth weight, increased heart rate Impaired arousal, cognitive functioning, language development, reading skills, and social skills Hypersensitive to touch, sound, and position changes; avoid stimulation

Question 44

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

Answer 44

happens when a baby is exposed to drugs in the womb before birth. A baby can then go through drug withdrawal after birth. NAS most often is caused when a woman takes opioids during pregnancy. Babies with NAS are more likely than other babies to be born with low birthweight (less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces), have breathing problems, seizures or convulsions, intense crying, inadequate sleep, poor feeding

Question 45

signs & symptoms Neonatal abstinence syndrome

Answer 45

different for every baby Most happen within 3 days of birth, but some may happen right after birth or not until a few weeks after. They can last from 1 week to 6 months after birth. Medicine is used to treat severe withdrawal symptoms. Once withdrawal is under control, baby gets smaller doses of the medicine over time Cognitive and motor delays in early childhood

Question 46

Birth defects and opioid use

Answer 46

``` Birth defects associated with heroin may include any of the following: Premature birth of baby Hypoglycemia Low birth weight Breathing difficulties Intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain) Infant death Infant addiction ```

Question 47

Zika: Teratogen in 2016

Answer 47

Exposure to Zika virus occurs at a critical time in prenatal development We've seen an increase in the number of cases of microcephaly identified in the first trimester The typical pattern of findings in Zika-exposed fetuses and infants: severe microcephaly, intracranial calcifications, and other brain abnormalities Microcephaly is rare in the United States, with an incidence of 6 per 10,000 live births Adverse birth outcomes have been seen in offspring of women who spent only a limited period of time in an area where Zika virus was endemic.

Question 48

Prenatal Development in Context

Answer 48

Genes guide within environmental contexts that include events and developmental changes in the past and present Genes are activated and deactivated in response to environmental signals The mother is embedded in physical, social, and cultural environments that can affect her body and her developing child

Question 49

Early labor

Answer 49

first phase in the first stage of labor, contractions are usually not painful but the cervix begins to thin out and dilate

Question 50

Active labor

Answer 50

second phase in the first stage of labor in which contractions become longer, stronger, and frequent the cervix dilates to 4 centimeters