FM1 Flashcards
Where does actin depolymerize? What is required?
At the minus end. ADP is needed.
Define pericentriolar material.
It is where the minus end of microtubules are at, along with the centrioles. These make up the centrosome.
What is Kcat?
the number of substrate molecule each enzyme converts to product per unit time
What is the nuclear lamina composed of
Intermediate filaments
Saturation occurs with what type of transport
Any transport that is carrier mediated such as primary, secondary, and facilitated diffusion.
What is is the denominator in Fick’s Law of Diffusion?
The thickness of the membrane/barrier
where does kinesin walk?
Toward the plus end closer to the cell membrane
Which is more condensed Heterochromatin or Euchromatin. Which is active
Heterochromatin or is more condensed and is inactive. Euchromatin is active.
Which filaments are the most dynamic
actin
Define Adrenoleukodystrophy
a disorder in which an organ or tissue of the body wastes away, leuko refers to the white matter of the brain, adreno refers to the adrenal glands
Which way does dynein walk?
Toward the minus end at the centrosome
what shape is mitochondrial DNA
Circular
tRNA
one tRNA per amino acid, used during translation to make polypeptides. Located throughout the euchromatin.
Give an example of isomerases
phosphoglucomutase
Define encephalopathy
a disease in which the functioning of the brain is affected by some agent or condition
Describe the actin structure.
Actin is 2 stranded helix with a plus and minus end.
What is a peroxisomal enzyme called and what signal do they contain?
Peroxins. They contain a peroxisomal targeting sequence (PTS)
Extracellular fluid has high concentrations of what 3 ions? What is the pH?
Sodium, calcium, and chloride. 7.4
What is alpha-hemolysin
It is a toxin produced by staphylococcus aureus that creates pores in blood cells which causes lysis and tissue damage.
What is F actin
assembled actin filaments
What is a fast way to make peroxisomes? What signals do they contain?
First, pre-peroxisome membrane vesicles bud off from the ER. These contain the receptor that recognizes and imports PTS-containing peroxins
Then, newly synthesized peroxins are imported from the cytoplasm
How does myosin move? What structure do they form in mitosis/meiosis
It binds to actin and moves along the actin filament. The form the contractile ring
What does hexokinase do
It transfers a phosphate group to glucose.
Cytosolic fluid has a high concentrations of what molecules? What is the pH
Potassium and proteins. 7.2
rRNA. Where in the cell is it located
Ribosomal RNA make new ribosomes. Plays a structural role. rRNA is in the nucleolus
What does creatine kinase do? What does it facilitate with regard to energy?
Transfers a phosphate group to cardiac and skeletal muscle to maintain ATP concentration during exercise.
Name a signal for nuclear export. What are these vehicles called?
expotin (NES) Nuclear export signal
Where do non-competitive inhibitors bind? What is another name for them?
They bind allosterically. Any site other than the active site. Suicide Inhibitors
Where do actin monomers add on to? What is required?
The plus end. ATP is needed
What is the NPC?
Nuclear Pore complex is very specific and only lets certain molecules in the nucleus.
Name 3 primary active transporters
Calcium/hydrogen-ATPase, Hydrogen/potassiumATPase, Sodium/potassium-ATPase,
what is a component of the pericentriolar
cloud?
gamma-tubulin ring
complex (gTurc)
How does a cell move?
By actin polymerization which pushes the cell forward and forms a lamellipodium. Then, stress fibers pull the rear cell forward.
Give 2 examples of competitive inhibitors
alcohol dehydrogenates and Statins
Mitochondria proteins must have what
mitochondrial targeting sequence
Give an example of hydrolase
Protease, esterase, lipase, glycoside and ester hydrolase
Give an example of lyases. What do they do?
dehydratase, pyruvate decarboxylase. Lyases break down various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis
What type of inhibitor are statins? What do they inhibit?
Competitive inhibition. HMG-CoA reductase.
how to ribosomal proteins know where to go
Each protein has a zip code that serves as a signal that carriers will recognize.
Define concentration difference
Delta C is how fast a molecule moves across the membrane.
What is CoA and what does it do?
Co-enzyme A. Used as a soluble carrier for fatty things. Use a lot in metabolism. Moves things from enzyme to enzyme.
what type of inhibition alters km and Vmax? What does it look like on a line weaver Burk plot?
Uncompetitive inhibitors. Parallel lines
How does glucose get into the blood?
Break down of glycogen by the liver or by eating glucose.
What are Co-factor NAD and FAD?
They carry electrons in redox reactions.
Give an example of oxidoreductase enzyme
alcohol dehydrogenase
Name the signal for nuclear import
importins (NLS) Nuclear localization signal
What type of inhibitor changes Vmax but does not alter the Km? What would this look like on a line weaver burk plot?
Suicide Inhibitors/non-competitive inhibitors. The y-intercept will change.
Define Dystrophy
a disorder in which an organ or tissue of the body wastes away,
What type of inhibitor changes km but does not alter the Vmax?
competitive inhibitor
What are the 3 filaments?
Actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
Where are ion pores located?
ONLY on the outer mitochondria membrane.
Where do disturbances in cellular fluid originate?
from the extracellular fluid
How does herpes infect cells?
It uses dynein to walk along the microtubule to get to the nuclear envelope which is near the are where the minus end of the microtubule is anchored.
What are the 4 types intermediate filaments
Keratins, Vimentin, neurofilaments, and nuclear lamins,
What are statins?
Statins are the primary drugs for lowering cholesterol.
These drugs have to be taken on a daily basis for life.
How do peroxisomes help for myelin? What type of bonds do these molecules have?
Peroxisomes participate in the synthesis of the special phospholipids plasmalogens which are the major class of phospholipids found in myelin. Plasmalogens have ether bonds.
Which filament is the toughest? What do cell type form? What does the cell use them for?
Intermediate filaments. The form hair, nails, and hooves. The cell uses intermediate filaments for structure, they hold things in place.
What is J and what is it equivalent to?
J is the flux (rate of moment) of a solute. It is equal to AreaPermeabilitydelta c all divided by the membrane thickness.
What does Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome cause? Which lamine does it effect?
defective nuclear lamine A. Causes premature aging. deformed nucleus.
How are intermediate filaments used as a medical tool in cancer diagnosis?
Identifying the type of intermediate filament will inform where the cancerous cell originated from.
Give an example of transferase
hexokinase, glycerol kinase
What is secondary active transport?
Uses energy from primary active diffusion and can move solutes against their gradient.
Describe the plus end of a microtubule. What energy requirement does it have?
It is where the MT grows and falls off. It needs GTP to add and GDP to fall off.
Define facilitated diffusion and give some examples.
Does not require energy and is aided by transporters or carriers. Movement of solutes is from high to low. Movement of clucose across the plasma membranes via “GLUT” (GLUcose Transporter)
What does carbonic anhydrase do?
Speeds up the reaction which dissolves carbon dioxide into bicarbonate and hydrogen.
Define myopathy
a disease of muscle tissue
Where are ribosomes made?
Assembled in the nucleolus
function of peroxisomes
1) breakdown of very long chain fatty acids (VLFAs) through β-oxidation. 2) Rids to rid the body of toxic substances (detoxify). 3) Formation of bile acids 4) Formation of components of Myelin.
Jmax is what? How is it limited?
The maximum transport rate. Jmax is limted by the number of transporters available.
What is G actin?
unassembled globular actin monomers
What is a slow method of making peroxisomes?
by fission
Which filament is found in all human cells and which is also the most abundant?
Actin
Describe the minus end of a microtubule
The minus end is at the centrosome with the 2 centrioles and they are all surrounded by a pericentiolar material
What is mRNA and where is it located?
messenger RNA. Codes for proteins. Transcribed from DNA. (Transcription). Located throughout the euchromatin.
What causes ALD, on which chromosome it is located on, and what doe it effect?
ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY (ALD) is caused by mutations in ABCD1, a gene located on the X chromosome that codes for ALD, a
peroxisomal membrane transporter protein, which is responsible for transporting very long chain fatty acid substrate into the peroxisomes for degradation
What is the final step in mRNA export?
The binding of the product to the nuclear export signal (NES) containing protein which will take it out of the nucleus
Where are most actin binding proteins located? What is the name of a actin binding motor protein.
At the plasma membrane. Myosin.
What is the arrangement of the flagellum/cilium? What are they made of?
9+2. Microtubes
What is the numerator of Ficks Law of Difusion
Area for diffusion, lipid solubility (permeability), and delta c (concentration difference between the 2 compartments)
Give an example of ligase
glutamine synthetase, pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA synthetase
Describe how the sodium-potassium ATPase work with the secondary active transporter for sodium and calcium.
3 sodium from the inside of the cell bind to the channel. ATP then binds which opens the channel and lets sodium leave the cell. Potassium, from the outside of the cell, binds to the channel which causes a confrontational change and lets the potassium into the cell. The sodium-calcium transporter takes advantage of the high concentration of sodium inside and outside of the cell. Sodium travels down its concentration gradient into the cell which becomes the force which drives calcium out of the cell.
What enzyme is marker for peroxisomes
catalase
