Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mini 1 > FM1 > Flashcards

FM1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does actin depolymerize? What is required?

A

At the minus end. ADP is needed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define pericentriolar material.

A

It is where the minus end of microtubules are at, along with the centrioles. These make up the centrosome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Kcat?

A

the number of substrate molecule each enzyme converts to product per unit time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the nuclear lamina composed of

A

Intermediate filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Saturation occurs with what type of transport

A

Any transport that is carrier mediated such as primary, secondary, and facilitated diffusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is is the denominator in Fick’s Law of Diffusion?

A

The thickness of the membrane/barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where does kinesin walk?

A

Toward the plus end closer to the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which is more condensed Heterochromatin or Euchromatin. Which is active

A

Heterochromatin or is more condensed and is inactive. Euchromatin is active.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which filaments are the most dynamic

A

actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define Adrenoleukodystrophy

A

a disorder in which an organ or tissue of the body wastes away, leuko refers to the white matter of the brain, adreno refers to the adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which way does dynein walk?

A

Toward the minus end at the centrosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what shape is mitochondrial DNA

A

Circular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

tRNA

A

one tRNA per amino acid, used during translation to make polypeptides. Located throughout the euchromatin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give an example of isomerases

A

phosphoglucomutase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define encephalopathy

A

a disease in which the functioning of the brain is affected by some agent or condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the actin structure.

A

Actin is 2 stranded helix with a plus and minus end.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a peroxisomal enzyme called and what signal do they contain?

A

Peroxins. They contain a peroxisomal targeting sequence (PTS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Extracellular fluid has high concentrations of what 3 ions? What is the pH?

A

Sodium, calcium, and chloride. 7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is alpha-hemolysin

A

It is a toxin produced by staphylococcus aureus that creates pores in blood cells which causes lysis and tissue damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is F actin

A

assembled actin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a fast way to make peroxisomes? What signals do they contain?

A

First, pre-peroxisome membrane vesicles bud off from the ER. These contain the receptor that recognizes and imports PTS-containing peroxins
Then, newly synthesized peroxins are imported from the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does myosin move? What structure do they form in mitosis/meiosis

A

It binds to actin and moves along the actin filament. The form the contractile ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does hexokinase do

A

It transfers a phosphate group to glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cytosolic fluid has a high concentrations of what molecules? What is the pH

A

Potassium and proteins. 7.2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

rRNA. Where in the cell is it located

A

Ribosomal RNA make new ribosomes. Plays a structural role. rRNA is in the nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does creatine kinase do? What does it facilitate with regard to energy?

A

Transfers a phosphate group to cardiac and skeletal muscle to maintain ATP concentration during exercise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Name a signal for nuclear export. What are these vehicles called?

A

expotin (NES) Nuclear export signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where do non-competitive inhibitors bind? What is another name for them?

A

They bind allosterically. Any site other than the active site. Suicide Inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where do actin monomers add on to? What is required?

A

The plus end. ATP is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the NPC?

A

Nuclear Pore complex is very specific and only lets certain molecules in the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Name 3 primary active transporters

A

Calcium/hydrogen-ATPase, Hydrogen/potassiumATPase, Sodium/potassium-ATPase,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is a component of the pericentriolar

cloud?

A

gamma-tubulin ring

complex (gTurc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How does a cell move?

A

By actin polymerization which pushes the cell forward and forms a lamellipodium. Then, stress fibers pull the rear cell forward.

34
Q

Give 2 examples of competitive inhibitors

A

alcohol dehydrogenates and Statins

35
Q

Mitochondria proteins must have what

A

mitochondrial targeting sequence

36
Q

Give an example of hydrolase

A

Protease, esterase, lipase, glycoside and ester hydrolase

37
Q

Give an example of lyases. What do they do?

A

dehydratase, pyruvate decarboxylase. Lyases break down various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis

38
Q

What type of inhibitor are statins? What do they inhibit?

A

Competitive inhibition. HMG-CoA reductase.

39
Q

how to ribosomal proteins know where to go

A

Each protein has a zip code that serves as a signal that carriers will recognize.

40
Q

Define concentration difference

A

Delta C is how fast a molecule moves across the membrane.

41
Q

What is CoA and what does it do?

A

Co-enzyme A. Used as a soluble carrier for fatty things. Use a lot in metabolism. Moves things from enzyme to enzyme.

42
Q

what type of inhibition alters km and Vmax? What does it look like on a line weaver Burk plot?

A

Uncompetitive inhibitors. Parallel lines

43
Q

How does glucose get into the blood?

A

Break down of glycogen by the liver or by eating glucose.

44
Q

What are Co-factor NAD and FAD?

A

They carry electrons in redox reactions.

45
Q

Give an example of oxidoreductase enzyme

A

alcohol dehydrogenase

46
Q

Name the signal for nuclear import

A

importins (NLS) Nuclear localization signal

47
Q

What type of inhibitor changes Vmax but does not alter the Km? What would this look like on a line weaver burk plot?

A

Suicide Inhibitors/non-competitive inhibitors. The y-intercept will change.

48
Q

Define Dystrophy

A

a disorder in which an organ or tissue of the body wastes away,

49
Q

What type of inhibitor changes km but does not alter the Vmax?

A

competitive inhibitor

50
Q

What are the 3 filaments?

A

Actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

51
Q

Where are ion pores located?

A

ONLY on the outer mitochondria membrane.

52
Q

Where do disturbances in cellular fluid originate?

A

from the extracellular fluid

53
Q

How does herpes infect cells?

A

It uses dynein to walk along the microtubule to get to the nuclear envelope which is near the are where the minus end of the microtubule is anchored.

54
Q

What are the 4 types intermediate filaments

A

Keratins, Vimentin, neurofilaments, and nuclear lamins,

55
Q

What are statins?

A

Statins are the primary drugs for lowering cholesterol.

These drugs have to be taken on a daily basis for life.

56
Q

How do peroxisomes help for myelin? What type of bonds do these molecules have?

A

Peroxisomes participate in the synthesis of the special phospholipids plasmalogens which are the major class of phospholipids found in myelin. Plasmalogens have ether bonds.

57
Q

Which filament is the toughest? What do cell type form? What does the cell use them for?

A

Intermediate filaments. The form hair, nails, and hooves. The cell uses intermediate filaments for structure, they hold things in place.

58
Q

What is J and what is it equivalent to?

A

J is the flux (rate of moment) of a solute. It is equal to AreaPermeabilitydelta c all divided by the membrane thickness.

59
Q

What does Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome cause? Which lamine does it effect?

A

defective nuclear lamine A. Causes premature aging. deformed nucleus.

60
Q

How are intermediate filaments used as a medical tool in cancer diagnosis?

A

Identifying the type of intermediate filament will inform where the cancerous cell originated from.

61
Q

Give an example of transferase

A

hexokinase, glycerol kinase

62
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

Uses energy from primary active diffusion and can move solutes against their gradient.

63
Q

Describe the plus end of a microtubule. What energy requirement does it have?

A

It is where the MT grows and falls off. It needs GTP to add and GDP to fall off.

64
Q

Define facilitated diffusion and give some examples.

A

Does not require energy and is aided by transporters or carriers. Movement of solutes is from high to low. Movement of clucose across the plasma membranes via “GLUT” (GLUcose Transporter)

65
Q

What does carbonic anhydrase do?

A

Speeds up the reaction which dissolves carbon dioxide into bicarbonate and hydrogen.

66
Q

Define myopathy

A

a disease of muscle tissue

67
Q

Where are ribosomes made?

A

Assembled in the nucleolus

68
Q

function of peroxisomes

A

1) breakdown of very long chain fatty acids (VLFAs) through β-oxidation. 2) Rids to rid the body of toxic substances (detoxify). 3) Formation of bile acids 4) Formation of components of Myelin.

69
Q

Jmax is what? How is it limited?

A

The maximum transport rate. Jmax is limted by the number of transporters available.

70
Q

What is G actin?

A

unassembled globular actin monomers

71
Q

What is a slow method of making peroxisomes?

A

by fission

72
Q

Which filament is found in all human cells and which is also the most abundant?

A

Actin

73
Q

Describe the minus end of a microtubule

A

The minus end is at the centrosome with the 2 centrioles and they are all surrounded by a pericentiolar material

74
Q

What is mRNA and where is it located?

A

messenger RNA. Codes for proteins. Transcribed from DNA. (Transcription). Located throughout the euchromatin.

75
Q

What causes ALD, on which chromosome it is located on, and what doe it effect?

A

ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY (ALD) is caused by mutations in ABCD1, a gene located on the X chromosome that codes for ALD, a
peroxisomal membrane transporter protein, which is responsible for transporting very long chain fatty acid substrate into the peroxisomes for degradation

76
Q

What is the final step in mRNA export?

A

The binding of the product to the nuclear export signal (NES) containing protein which will take it out of the nucleus

77
Q

Where are most actin binding proteins located? What is the name of a actin binding motor protein.

A

At the plasma membrane. Myosin.

78
Q

What is the arrangement of the flagellum/cilium? What are they made of?

A

9+2. Microtubes

79
Q

What is the numerator of Ficks Law of Difusion

A

Area for diffusion, lipid solubility (permeability), and delta c (concentration difference between the 2 compartments)

80
Q

Give an example of ligase

A

glutamine synthetase, pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA synthetase

81
Q

Describe how the sodium-potassium ATPase work with the secondary active transporter for sodium and calcium.

A

3 sodium from the inside of the cell bind to the channel. ATP then binds which opens the channel and lets sodium leave the cell. Potassium, from the outside of the cell, binds to the channel which causes a confrontational change and lets the potassium into the cell. The sodium-calcium transporter takes advantage of the high concentration of sodium inside and outside of the cell. Sodium travels down its concentration gradient into the cell which becomes the force which drives calcium out of the cell.

82
Q

What enzyme is marker for peroxisomes

A

catalase

Mini 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions