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SIDI > FLUROSCOPY AND II > Flashcards

FLUROSCOPY AND II Flashcards

1
Q

EXPLAIN OLDER EQUIPMENT USED IN FLUOROSCOPY

A

Dim image on fluorescent screen

Seated in a dark room behind screen

Radiologist receives high exposure dispite RAD protection

Still used today in some countries

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2
Q

WHAT IS A FLUOROSCOPE?

A

An instrument for observing or exhibiting fluorescence

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3
Q

WHAT IS FLUOROSCOPY?

A

Examination of body structure or organs using a fluoroscope

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4
Q

EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF IMAGE INTENSIFICATION.

A

X-rays are penetrated through the patient to the phosphor input window

X-rays are converted to light photons within the scintillation crystals

The photons reach the photocathode cashiering electrons to be released

Electrons are accelerated through a vacuum and high voltage to 25-35 Kv

Electrons are converted to light by phosphor at the anode

The output phosphor demonstrates a brighter image

Converts light to electrical signal which is transmitted to to the tv screen to form a visible image

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5
Q

WHAT IS THE COMMON MATERIAL USED FOR THE PHOSPHOR LAYER OF AN II MACHINE?

A

Caesium Iodide

This is because it produces high x-ray absorption and energy conversion for a high resolution.

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6
Q

WHAT IS THE PHOTOCATHODE?

A

Absorbs light and emits electrons at the input layer

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7
Q

WHAT IS VIGNETTING?

A

The loss in brightness towards the end of the lens

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8
Q

WHAT IS LAG?

A

The persistence of luminescence after the electrons have passed

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9
Q

WHAT IS INVOLVED IN THE CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF FLUOROSCOPIC EQUIPMENT?

A

Kv and radiation output tests (3 monthly QA)
Beam alignment and Collimation tests (annual QA)
Resolution tests (weekly QA)
Mechanical assessment
Damage assessment
Regular cleaning

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10
Q

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF AN UNDER-COUCH UNIT?

A

Control procedure at table side

Use of large field II

Patient bed moved from vertical to horizontal

Additional X-ray tube fitted

Comfort compromised bc of II unit above them

Better protection for staff as there is extra shielding

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11
Q

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF TABLE SIDE CONTROL?

A

OPTI-Grip

OPTI-Touch

OPTI-Display

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12
Q

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF AN OVER-COUCH UNIT?

A

4 way table top movement - no need for repositioning

Ergonomically grouped functions on remote console

Additional X-ray tube

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13
Q

BENEFITS OF DIGITAL FLAT PANNEL DETECTORS

A

Good quantum detection efficiency

Not prone to affects of image distortion caused by magnetic interference e.g Pin cushioning and S-Distortion

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14
Q

WHAT ARE THE DEVELOPMENTS IN DETECTOR DESIGN?

A

Digital signals

Improved special and temporal resolution

Scintillator converts x-rays to visible light and photodiode converts light to an image

Still expensive

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15
Q

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF A MOBILE FLUOROSCOPIC UNIT?

A

Equipment is height adjustable and has a tilt facility

Range of locks and positioning lasers

Image manipulation features

Easy to clean and cover

Oil cooled X-ray tube

Easy to use console

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16
Q

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF OF A SPECIALISED FLUOROSCOPY UNIT?

A 
DSI (digital subtraction imaging) see no bony anatomy - angio
ROAD MAPPING 
PIXEL SHIFT 
DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS
MASKING / CROPPING

Faster frame times
Improved monitor resolution
Superior flexibility

17
Q

WHAT ARE THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE DOSE TO THE PATIENT?

A

Maximum of 25-30 images per second

Total fluoroscopic time determines the total dose

II positioned over the area of interest before commencing

Use lowest dose protocol possible for patient size

Collimation

Pulsed fluoroscopy allow short exposures recommended 3.5-7.5

18
Q

FOCUS TO SKIN DISTANCE

A

Patient should be as close to II as possible for improved image quality and lower dose

X-ray tube should be as far away as possible to avoid excessive skin dose

19
Q

EXPLAIN THE RAD PROTECTION PROCEDURES IN PLACE FOR STAFF

A

Lead lined aprons and thyroid shield

Depending on department goggles / extremity meters

TLD IRR

Only Essential personnel should be in the room

Lead curtain

SIDI (8 decks)

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