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imeqma > fluoroscopy > Flashcards

fluoroscopy Flashcards

1
Q

used for examination
of moving internal
structures and fluids

A

fluoroscope

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2
Q

real -time imaging, video imaging and digital fluoroscopy

A

cineradiography

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3
Q

COMPONENTS OF
FLUOROSCOPE

A
  • X-RAY GENERATOR
  • X-RAY TUBE
  • IMAGE INTENSIFIER
  • FOCUSING LENSES
  • VIDEO CAMERA
  • CHARGED-COUPLED DEVICE (CCD)
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4
Q

selection of (mA) and (kvp)

A

X -RAY GENERATOR

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5
Q

Converts electrical energy
provided by the generator
into an x-ray beam.

A

X-RAY TUBE

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6
Q

Converts incident x-rays
into a minified visible light
image.

A

IMAGE INTENSIFIER

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7
Q

Used to converge image

A

FOCUSING LENSES

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8
Q

To record image

A

VIDEO CAMERA

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9
Q

Capture real-time image and display

A

CHARGED-COUPLED DEVICE

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10
Q

TYPES OF X-RAY TUBES

A

Radiographic X-ray Tube
Fluoroscopic X-ray Tube

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11
Q
  • attached to an overhead movable crane assembly that permits easy positioning of the tube and aiming of the x-ray beam
A

Radiographic X-ray Tube

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12
Q

Located under the examining table

A

Fluoroscopic X-ray Tube

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13
Q
  • complex electronic device that receives the image-forming x-ray beam and converts it into a visible light image of high intensity
  • Converts the pattern of the x-ray beam into a bright visible light.
  • approx 20 cm long
  • potential diff is 25,000V
A

IMAGE INTENSIFIER TUBE

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14
Q
  • During fluoroscopy, the Bucky tray is moved to the end of the table
  • This leaves an opening in the side of the table about 5 cm
  • The opening should automatically be covered with at least
    0.25 mm lead (Pb equivalence)
A

BUCKY SLOT
COVER

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15
Q
  • X-rays that exit the patient,
    interacts with the__, which is made up of Cesium lodide (Cs). Xrays from __ is converted to visible light.
A

INPUT PHOSPHOR

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16
Q
  • Is a thin metal layer usually
    composed of CESIUM and ANTIMONY compounds.
  • Bond directly to the input
    phosphor by a transparent thin
    layer of adhesive.
  • Emits electrons when illuminated
    by the input phosphor.
A

PHOTOCATHODE

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17
Q
  • Is the site where the accelerated
    electrons interact and produce
    light.
  • Xray-o light
  • Made up of Zinc Cadmium Sulfide
A

OUTPUT PHOSPHOR

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18
Q
  • Grown as a tiny needles
    and are tightly packed in a
    layer approx.
    300 micrometer
  • Each crystal is approx.
    5micrometer in diameter.
A

CESIUM IODIDE (Csl)

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19
Q
  • Located at the neck of the image intensifier
  • Circular plate with a hole in the middle, so electron can pass through to the phosphor.
  • Potential difference; 25, 000 V
  • Draws electrons from the photocathode and accelerates them toward the output screen.
A

ACCELERATING ANODE

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20
Q
  • Provide considerably greater flexibility in all fluoroscopic examinations
  • Trifield tubes come in various sizes, most common is 25, 17, 12 centimeters
  • “__ produce different magnification of the image”
A

MULTIFIELD IMAGE
INTENSIFICATION

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21
Q
  • Dead-man type of exposure
  • Bucky opening and protective
    curtain is covered with 0.25mm
    (Pb) lead
A

FLUOROSCOPY

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22
Q
  • Is like THERMIONIC EMISSION - electron emission that follows the heat stimulation.
  • Whereas, ___ is electron emission that follows light stimulation.
A

PHOTOEMISSION

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23
Q

number of electrons emitted by the
photocathode is ____ proportional to the intensity of the light that reaches it

A

directly

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24
Q
  • This lenses helps prevent diverging of the x-ray beams as they travel cathode to anode.
  • This process is also known as
    minification - the pattern from large
    cathode end of lI tube must be reduced to small output phosphor
A

ELECTROSTATIC FOCUSING LENS

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25
Q
  • Also called “Scattering of light”
  • A process that can reduce the contrast of image - intensifier tube.
  • Internal scatter radiation in the form of x-rays, electron and particularly light.
A

VEILING GLARE

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26
Q

X-rays –> light

A

Input phosphor (Csl)

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27
Q
  • Photoemission
  • Light –> electron beam
A

Photocathode

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28
Q

Maintain and minify e

A

Electrostatic lenses

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29
Q

Attracts e in beam

A

Anode

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30
Q

e –> light

A

Output phosphor (ZnS-CdS)

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31
Q

diagnostic technique in which the camera is used to record images of internal body structures produced through radiography fluoroscopy

A

CINEFLUOROSCOPY

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32
Q

photographic recording of fluoroscope image.

A

PHOTOFLUOROSCOPY

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33
Q

PROCEDURE USED TO DETECT OR SCREEN BREAST CANCER

A

MAMMOGRAPHY

34
Q

2 TYPES OF MAMMOGRAPHY

A
  • SCREENING MAMMOGRAPHY
  • DIAGNOSTIC MAMMOGRAPHY
35
Q

Performed on asymptomatic women with a use of two-views protocol, cranial, caudad and medial lateral oblique to detect unsuspected cancer.

A

SCREENING MAMMOGRAPHY

36
Q

Performed on patients with symptoms or elevated risk factors. Two or three views maybe required.

A

DIAGNOSTIC MAMMOGRAPHY

37
Q

Procedure used to take images of teeth, bones or soft tissue around them, in order to diagnosed, plan treatment and monitor both treatments and lesions development

A

DENTAL X-RAY

38
Q

COMPONENTS OF A
CINEFLUOROSCOPY:
- Synchronization with the x-ray
pulses
- Two film sizes: __ and __
- Framing frequency of __Hz

A

16mm and 35mm
60Hz

39
Q

A medical examination performed using magnetic resonance imaging.

A

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)

40
Q

MRI discovered by ____ in ___

A

Nikola Tesla in 1882

41
Q

All MRI machines are calibrated in -__ unit

42
Q
  • A practice of exposing a disease to various types of radiation while also trying to protect the unaffected parts of the patient’s body from radiation exposure.
  • Treatment of a disease particularly malignant tumors or cancer using ionizing radiation.
A

RADIATION THERAPHY

43
Q

TWO TYPES RADIATION THERAPHY

A
  • EXTERNAL, BEAM RADIATION
    THERAPY (BBRI)
  • BRACHYTHERAPHY
44
Q

uses radioactive substances which
are directly applied within or
near the tumor.

A

BRACHYTHERAPHY

45
Q

radiation source is at far distance from the body

A

EXTERNAL, BEAM RADIATION
THERAPY (BBRI)

46
Q

THREE TYPES OF MAINTENANCE

A
  • CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE
  • PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
  • BREAKDOWN MAINTENANCE
47
Q
  • This type of maintenance includes such as repair, replacement, or restore in order to eliminate the source of the failure.
  • advantage is increased component operational file
A

CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE

48
Q
  • This type of maintenance is undertaken as per schedule before breakdown of a system of equipment.
  • it is design to retain the healthy condition of the equipment and prevent failure through the prevention of deterioration, periodic inspection or equipment condition diagnosis.

Disadvantages:
1. Catastrophic failure is at risk
2. Labor is intensive

A

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

49
Q
  • is the oldest type
  • allows the equipment to operate until it fails before it is repaired or replaced.
A

BREAKDOWN MAINTENANCE

50
Q

DAILY QUALITY CONTROL STEPS:

A
  1. TURN ON THE MONITOR AND ALLOW IT TO WARM-UP
  2. EVALUATE LUMINANCE, REFLECTION, NOISE AND GLARE
  3. MAKE SURE THAT THE MONITOR IS DUST-FREE ON VIEWING.
51
Q

RADIOGAPHIC EQUIPMENTS
WHERE THE QC PROGRAM IS
USEFUL

A
  1. REPRODUCIBILITY
  2. LINEARITY
  3. POSITIVE BEAM LIMITATION OR AUTOMATIC COLLIMATION
52
Q

TESTED DURING CALIBRATION
PERFORMED BY A SERVICE PERSON:

A
  1. timer
  2. kVp
  3. mAs
  4. Distance
53
Q

TESTED DURING CALIBRATION IN AN X-RAY MACHINE:

A
  1. mAs
  2. kVp
    3.X-ray tube
54
Q

combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce images of the inside of the body, It shows dehilted images of any part of the body. including the bones, muscles, fat, organs and blood vessels.

A

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN
(CT-SCAN)

55
Q

MAGNIFICATION MODE
RESULTS IN:

A
  1. Better spatial resolution
  2. Better contrast resolution
  3. Higher patient radiation dose
56
Q
  • Reduction or fall-off in brightness at the periphery of the image.
  • caused by unequal collection of light at the centre of the image intensifier tube compared with the light at its periphery
  • as a result, the center of the image intensifier has better resolution, increased brightness and less distortion.
A

VIGNETTING

57
Q
  • Television monitoring system has been a principal
    method to monitor and view fluoroscopic images.
  • Television picture or cathode ray tube is the heart of
    television monitor.
A

FLUOROSCOPIC IMAGE
MONITORING

58
Q
  • Consist of a cylindrical housing approx. 15mm in diameter.
A

TELEVISION CAMERA TUBE

59
Q

most often used in television fluoroscopy and is connected to the output phosphor of the lI tube

60
Q
  • Capture real time image and display
A

SOLID STATE CHARGED - COUPLED DEVICES

61
Q
  • Same function that it does for
    the x-ray tube; to maintain a
    vacuum and provide
    mechanical support for the
    internal elements.
A

GLASS ENVELOPE

62
Q

INTERNAL ELEMENTS (VIDICON AND ITS PARTS)

A
  1. CATHODE OR ELECTRON GUN
  2. ELECTROSTATIC GRIDS / ACCELERATOR GRID
  3. TARGET ASSEMBLY
63
Q

The tube is surrounded by coils: (VIDICON AND ITS
PARTS), These coils control the size and the position of the electron beam

A
  1. Deflection coil
  2. Focusing coil
  3. Alignment coil
64
Q
  • Negatively charged
  • “Heated filament” that supplies a
    constant electron current by
    photoemission.
A

ELECTRON GUN

65
Q
  • Controls the electrons that
    forms into an electron beam,
    also helps to accelerate the
    electrons to the anode.
A

ACCELERATING GRID

66
Q

Consist of the following:
> Glass face plate / window
* Signal Plate
* Target

A

TARGET ASSEMBLY

67
Q

outside layer, thin part of the glass
envelope; Allows the light to pass
through the vacuum tube on its way to the target

68
Q
  • Coated inside of the window, thin
    layer of metal and graphite.
  • Transmit video signal
A

SIGNAL PLATE

69
Q

A photoconductive layer of antimony trisulfide in Vidicon tubes, and lead oxide in Plumbicon tubes

70
Q

3 TYPES OF GAINS

A
  1. BRIGHTNESS GAIN
  2. FLUX GAIN
  3. MINIFICATION GAIN
71
Q

ability of the image intensifier to increase the illumination level of the image

A

BRIGHTNESS GAIN

72
Q

ratio of the number of light photons at the output phosphor to the number of x-rays at the input phosphor

73
Q

the ratio of the square of the diameter of the input phosphor to the square of the diameter of the output phosphor

A

MINIFICATION GAIN

74
Q

TYPES OF IMAGE RECEPTORS IN DIGITAL FLUOROSCOPY

A
  1. CHARGED COUPLED DEVIDE (CCD)
  2. FLAT PANEL IMAGE RECEPTOR (FPIR)
75
Q

» converts the light signal from the output phosphor to an electrical signal.
» layers of crystalline silicon

A

CHARGED COUPLE DEVICE (CCD)

76
Q
  • it is essentially a flat panel
  • digital radiographic image
  • receptor with a fast read-out
  • composed of cesium iodide or
  • amorphous silicon pixels
A

FLAT PANEL IMAGE RECEPTOR - FPIR

77
Q

used in angiography because images must be taken in rapid succession because manual
changing can eat up valuable time.

A

AUTOMATIC CASSETTE/FILM
CHANGER

78
Q

speed of an automatic cassette changer varies from

A

3 to 12 films per second

79
Q

FEATURES OF AFC IN CONTRAST
PROCEDURES

A
  1. TRANSPORT MECHANISM
  2. COMPRESSION TABLE
  3. SUPPLY MAGAZINE
80
Q
  • Recommended SID in fluoroscopy
A

80 centimeters

81
Q

kVp range in procedures in fluoroscopy

A

70 - 80 kVp

82
Q

Exposure type in fluoroscopy

A

dead-man type

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