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Physics - Applied imaging Technology > Fluoroscopy > Flashcards

Fluoroscopy Flashcards

1
Q

What is Fluoroscopy?

A

Real time imaging viewed on a display monitor in the clinical room

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2
Q

What is the matrix size and grey scale for Fluoroscopy?

A

512 x 512 pixels and 8 bits of grey scale

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3
Q

What types of images can Fluoroscopy acquire?

A

Continuous (cine) or pulsed fluorographic images

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4
Q

What is Fluorography?

A

Images usually formed and viewed after the x-ray exposure is complete

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5
Q

What are the advantages of Fluorography over Fluoroscopy?

A

Better quality images but at higher doses

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6
Q

What is the matrix size and grey scale for Fluorography?

A

1024 x 1024 pixels with each pixel representing 10 bits of grey scale information

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7
Q

What are ‘Greyscale’ digital x-ray imaging modes?

A

Fluoroscopy, digital cardiac, and digital spot imaging

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8
Q

What is Subtractive digital imaging?

A

Base image taken which is then subtracted from the image with contrast to result in an image showing the contrast only

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9
Q

What is an Image intensifier (II)?

A

A system that converts the input light into a much higher output (gain or intensification)

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10
Q

What is the formula for brightness gain (Gbrightness)?

A

Gbrightness = Gminification x Gflux

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11
Q

What does Gminification describe?

A

The increase in brightness due to the demagnification of the image in the II tube

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12
Q

What is the formula for Gminification?

A

Gminification = (Dinput / Doutput)^2

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13
Q

What is the Image intensifier conversion factor (Gx)?

A

Gx = L / X’ where L = luminance of the II output and X’ = II entrance dose rate

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14
Q

What factors affect the brightness gain of an II tube?

A

Magnification and Flux

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15
Q

What are the standard configurations of radiography/fluoroscopy equipment?

A

Under table x-ray tube with an over-couch II system, Table can be tilted and rotated, Radiologist stands beside patient

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16
Q

What are the configurations of Remote control R/F equipment?

A

X-ray tube mounted over the bed and II system underneath, Higher scattered dose so radiologist stands behind screen

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17
Q

What is a Fixed C-arm?

A

II x-ray tube and II system attached to a C-structure that allows rotation and movement

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18
Q

What is a Mobile C-arm?

A

System that can be transported on wheels to different locations

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19
Q

What is the II input window?

A

Convex metal shield, usually aluminium or titanium foil, that covers the input face of the II

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20
Q

What is the Input phosphor made of?

A

Layer of sodium activated caesium iodide (CsI:Na)

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21
Q

What is the thickness of CsI:Na in the Input phosphor?

A

400-500μm

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22
Q

What does the Photocathode do?

A

Absorbs fluorescent light photons and releases a pattern of electrons

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23
Q

How many electrons are released per absorbed x-ray photon in the Photocathode?

A

Approximately 200 electrons

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24
Q

What does the Electron focusing system do?

A

Focusing electrodes direct electrons to the output screen to create an exact but minified image

25
What is the material used for the Output screen in an II tube?
Thin layer of silver-activated zinc cadmium sulphide (ZnCdS:Ag) crystals
26
What is the purpose of the Output Window?
Optically transparent glass block port through which the intensified light image exits the II tube
27
What are the methods to minimize halation in the Output Window?
Smoked glass, Special optical coatings, Very thick glass, Fibre-optic bundle
28
What is Magnification in fluoroscopy?
Achieved electronically with electronic focusing of the electron beam
29
What is the effect of Magnification on image brightness and dose?
Less bright image and increased dose required
30
What is the benefit of using a Charged Coupled Device (CCD) sensor over a TV camera tube?
Small, inexpensive, compact, low-power consumption, self-scanning image readout, negligible lag, excellent stability, long life-time, compatibility with digital x-ray imaging modalities
31
What does Automatic brightness control (ABC) do?
Maintains constant viewing condition by regulating mA and kV
32
What are the modes of Automatic brightness control (ABC)?
Minimum patient dose rate mode, Standard patient dose rate mode, High patient dose rate mode
33
What is the purpose of Digital image processing in fluoroscopy?
To improve the appearance of the image on the screen
34
What are the types of Digital image processing?
Greyscale processing, Spatial filtering, Temporal filtering
35
What is a Flat Panel Detector (FP detector)?
Flat panel of detectors that provide a direct electronic readout instead of requiring the conversion of analogue to digital
36
What are the benefits of Flat Panel Detectors?
Smaller equipment, digital video signal, better temporal resolution, better image quality, fewer artefacts, higher detective quantum efficiency, zoom option
37
What is Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)?
Procedure that highlights contrast-outlined structures by removing background anatomical structures
38
What is the dose limit for Maximum entrance skin dose rate?
100 mGy per minute
39
What is the dose range for Digital fluoroscopy?
10 to 30 mGy per minute for larger patients
40
What is the main contribution to staff dose?
Scatter of x-rays from the patient
41
What are the methods to minimize staff dose?
Use of lead aprons and other radiation shields, Maintain maximum possible distance from patient, Monitor individual staff doses
42
What are the methods to minimize patient dose?
Tight collimation of x-ray beam, Appropriate x-ray beam spectral filter, Increase distance between patient and x-ray source, Minimize gap between patient and II entrance, Remove anti-scatter grid if possible
43
What is Fluoroscopy in simple terms?
Real-time imaging viewed on a display monitor
44
What is Fluorography in simple terms?
Image displayed after x-ray exposure
45
How is image intensification measured in IITV?
Brightness gain = minification gain x flux gain
46
What factors affect brightness gain in IITV?
More minimisation, reduction in input field area, higher voltage across II tube
47
What materials are used in the II input window?
Aluminium or titanium foil
48
What is the purpose of the input phosphor in IITV?
Good x-ray absorption efficiency
49
What is the main function of the photocathode in IITV?
Releases electrons into the II tube
50
What happens during electron focusing in IITV?
Electrons are directed to create an exact but minified image
51
What is the output screen made of in IITV?
ZnCdS:Ag that converts electrons into light photons
52
What does the II TV camera do?
Scans photoconductive target to create a flow of electrons corresponding to light intensity
53
What is the function of CCD sensors in IITV?
Each pixel has an associated electrode, charge accumulation proportional to light intensity
54
What technology do Flat Panel Detectors use?
Same as digital radiography
55
What is Automatic brightness control (ABC)?
Maintains constant viewing condition by regulating mA and kV
56
What are the types of digital processing in IITV?
Greyscale processing, Spatial filtering, Temporal filtering
57
What is the main source of staff dose in fluoroscopy?
Scatter of x-rays from the patient
58
What are the strategies to minimize staff dose in fluoroscopy?
Use lead aprons, maximize distance from patient, monitor doses

Physics - Applied imaging Technology (16 decks)

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