Fluids/electrolytes Flashcards
Homeostasis is dependent on 3 mechanisms of perfusion, what are they?
Pump, fluid volume, container
Define homeostasis
Stability in the body’s internal environment
What is the most important substance in the human body? It accounts for how much of tbw?
Water and it accounts for 2/3 of tbw
What does ADH stand for and what does it affect?
It is antidiuretic hormone and it affects water by reducing water content
What happens when the body water content is too low?
Retains water
What happens when body water content is too high?
Releases water
Define dehydration
Excessive body water loss
What is the most common manifestation of dehydration?
Orthostatic hypotension
Define overhydration
Body takes in more water than it can excrete
What is the major sign (Cardinal sign) if overhydration?
Edema
Where do you see peripheral edema?
In the extremities
Where do you pulmonary edema?
Lung tissue
Define intercellular fluid
Fluid found within cell membrane
What is the primary intercellular ion?
Potassium K
Define extracellular fluid
Fluid outside the cell membrane
What are two types of extracellular fluid and explain each?
Intravascular - outside cell but inside circulatory system
Interstitial - outside cells and circulatory system
Plasma comprises how much of blood?
55%
Pulmonary edema is an example of what kind of extracellular fluid?
Interstitial fluid
What is the primary extracellular ion?
Sodium Na+
Define a solution
The mixture
Define a solvent
What does the dissolving
Define solute
The substance being dissolved
Define a molecule
Chemical structure that contains more than 1 atom bonded together by a shared election
Define ion
Elements that carry an electrical charge
What charge does a cation have?
Positive
What charge does a anion have?
Negative
What are the most common cations?
Sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium
What are the most common anions?
Chloride, phosphate and bicarbonate
Define osmosis
Movement of water from an area of more concentration to less concentration
The net effect of osmosis is to ____ the amount of water on _____ sides of cell membrane
Equalize
Both
Define diffusion
Movement of water to an area of high concentration to low requires no energy and is passive
Define active transport
Area of low concentration to high and requires ATP
Define filtration
Pushing from high to low pressure
Define electrolyte
Compounds that break apart when combined with water that regulate acid base balance
What does sodium do for the body
Regulates water levels and transmits nerve impulses. Increases cell
Membrane permeability
What does potassium do for the body?
Maintenance of fluid and ph balance inside cell. Allows normal neurological function, cardiac function, muscle contraction. Transforms carbs to energy, storage of glycogen in lifer and skeletal muscle
What does calcium do for the body?
Established thickness and strength of cell membrane. Essential for blood coagulation, hormone secretion, contraction of muscle, strength and durability of bone and teeth. Transmission of nerve impulses
What does magnesium do for the body?
Helps absorb and use electrolytes, regulates BGL, supports muscle and neurological function, relaxation of cardiac muscle
What does chloride do for the body?
Negative charge balances the positive charge of the cations
What is the principle buffer in the body?
Bicarbonate hco3
Why is phosphate important within the body?
Body energy stores
Why are proteins important for the body?
Carry out biological functions
Define hyponatermia
Low sodium
Define hypernatremia
High sodium
Define hyperkalemia
High potassium
Define hypokalemia
Low potassium
Define hypocalcemia
Low calcium
Malnourished alcoholics present with muscle cramps and paresthesias which is the result of?
Hypocalcemia
Define hypercalcemia
High calcium
Define hypophosphatemia
Low phosphate
Define hyperphophattemia
High phosphate
Define hypomagnesium
Low magnesium
Define hypermagnesium
High magnesium
Define hematocrit
Percentage of RBCs in total blood volume
Define tonicity
Tension exerted on a cell due to water movement across cell membrane
Define isotonic solution and 2 examples
No movement of water occurs, normal saline and lactated ringers
Define hypertonic solution
Water moves out of cell which causes cell to shrink
Define hypotonic solution
water moves into cell and causes cell to swell
Define colloid solution
Generates capillary collides and osmotic pressure. Too large to penetrate cap membrane
Define crystalloid solution
Primary compounds in prehospital care. Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic solutions
