Fluids And electrolytes Flashcards
Water constitutes approximately_______ of total bodyweight.
50% to 60%
TBW is divided into three functional fluid compartments:
plasma, extravascular interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid
losses of water occur through both the skin(75%) and lungs (25%) and can be increased by such factors asfever, hypermetabolism, and hyperventilation.
Insensible losses
To clear the products of metabolism, the kidneys must excrete a minimum of ____ of urine per day, regardless of the amount of oral intake.
500 to 800 mL per day
________ is the most common fluid disorder in surgical patients
Extracellular volume deficit
The most commoncause of volume deficit in surgical patients is
loss of GI fluids (Table 3-3) from nasogastric suction, vomiting, diarrhea, or enterocutaneous fistulas
usually is caused either by iatrogenic administration of sodium-containing fluids, including excess sodiumbicarbonate, or mineralocorticoid as seen in hyperaldosteronism,Cushing’s syndrome, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Hypervolemic Hypernatremia
______ can result from renal causes, including diabetes insipidus, diuretic use, andrenal disease, or from nonrenal water loss from the GI tract or skin
Normovolemic hypernatremia
The classic signs of hypovolemic hypernatremia_______
(tachycardia, orthostasis, and hypotension)
ECG changes that may be seen with_____ include high peaked T waves (early), widened QRS complex, flattened P wave, prolonged PR interval (first-degree block), sine wave formation, and ventricular fibrillation.
hyperkalemia
results from anincreased intake of acids, an increased generation of acids, or anincreased loss of bicarbonate
Metabolic acidosis
A common cause of severe metabolic acidosis in surgical patients is
lactic acidosis
retention of CO
2 secondary to decreased alveolar ventilation.
Respiratory Acidosis
K meq/L of LR
4meqs
K meq/L in PNSS
None.
