Fluids Flashcards
Elastic tendency of liquids which makes them acquire the least surface area possible. Such as insects
Surface tension
Shear stress is proportional to velocity gradient
Ideal plastic fluid
Study of fluid at rest
Hydrostatic
Change in volume corresponding to change in pressure
Compressibility
Pv=nRT
Ideal gas law
Pressure formula
Pabs= pgage +patm
Incompressible fluid with no viscosity
Ideal Plastic Fluid
Ratio ng mass densityor specific weight with respect to a refrence value
Specific gravity
Study of fluids in motion
Hydrodynamic
Force formula
F=P *A
Physical science dealing with the action of fluids at rest or in motion
Fluid mechanics
Deals with fluid at rest
Fluid statics
Concerned with fluid in motion
Fluid dynamics
It is supplied to a flow of liquids or to low viscosity gas flows where the gas can be considered as being essentially incompressible
Hydrodynamics
•no viscosity
•incompressible
•have uniform velocity when flowing
•no friction between moving layers of fluids
•no eddy currents or turbulence
Ideal Fluids
•exhibit infinite viscosity
•non-uniform velocity distribution when flowing
•compressible
•experience friction and turbulence in flow
Real fluids
It is a dimensionless ratio of a fluids density to some standard reference density
Specific gravity
The property of a fluid which determines the amount of its resistance to shearing force
Viscosity
It is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of the liquid, to its mass density
Kinematic viscosity
The membrane of skin that seems to form on the free surface of a liquid is due to the intermolecular cohesive forces and is known as___________
Surface tension
It is the behavior of the liquid in a thin-bore tube
Capillary action
It is the fractional change in the volume of a liquid per unit change in pressure in a constant temperature process
Compressibility or coefficient compressibility
It is the ratio of the change in unit pressure to the corresponding volume change per unit of volume
Bulk modulus of elasticity
Imposed on a fluid move in waves
Pressure disturbance
The weight per unit volume of a liquid at a standard temperature and pressure is called
Specific weight
It is the force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas on a body or surface with the force acting at right angles the surface uniformly in all directions
Pressure
Pressures above or below the atmosphere and can be measured by pressure gauges or manometers
Gauge pressure
Pressure at any one point on the earth’s surface from the weight of the the air above it
Atmospheric pressure
_____ is a space that has all matter removed from it
Vacuum
An accurate and relatively simple way to measure changes in atmospheric pressure
Mercury barometer
Is a tube usually bent in a form of U containing a liquid of non specific gravity the surface of which moves proportionally the changes of pressure. it is used to measure pressure
Manometer
Has an atmospheric surface in one leg and is capable of measuring gauge pressure
Open type manometer
Without an atmospheric surface and capable of measuring only differences of pressure
Differential type
The simplest form of open manometer it is a tube top into a wall of a container of conduit for the purpose of measuring pressure the fluid in the container or conduit rises in this tube to form a free surface
Piezometer
Structures that block the flow of river stream or other waterway
Dams
Use only the force of gravity to resist water pressure they hold back the water by the shear force of the weight pushing downward
Gravity dams
Is a gravity down formed out of loose rock earth or a combination of these material
Embankment dam
A concrete or masonry structures that curve upstreams into a reservoir stretching from one wall of a river canyon to another
Arc dams
Consists of a wall or face supported by several battresses on the downstream side
Buttress down
The point of intersection between the axis of the body and the line of action of the buoyant force is called ________
Meta center
When the degree of saturation is zero the soil must under consideration represents
A. Two phase system which soil and air
B. Two phase system which soil and water
C. One phase system
D. Three phase system
A
Sedimentation analysis is based on the assumption
A. Soil particles are spherical
B. Particle settle independent of other particles
C. Walls of the jar do not affect the settlement
D. All of the above
D
A pycnometer is used to determine
A. Water content and void ratio
B. Specific gravity and dry density
C. Water content and specific gravity
D. Voids ratio and dry density
C
For proper field control which of the following methods is best suited for quick determination of water content
A. Oven drying method
B. Sand bathmethod
C. Alcohol method
D. Calcium carbide method
D
The water content of soil is defined as the ratio of
A. Volume of water to volume of given soil
B. Volume of water to volume of voids in soil
C. Weight of water to weight of air in voids
D. Weight of water to weight of solids of given mass of soil
D
The fundamental equation of air content (ac), degree of saturation (s) and void ratio (e) is
A. Ac= e(1-S)/(1-e)
B. Ac= e(1+S)/(1+e)
C. Ac= e(1-S)/(1+e)
D. Ac= e(1+S)/(1-e)
C
Valid range for S the degree of saturation of soil in percentage is
A. S>0
B. S<0
C. 0<S<100
D. 0 <= S<=100
D
The ratio of volume of void to the total volume of soil mass is called
A. Air content
B. Porosity
C. Percentage of airvoids
D. Void ratio
B
The RATIO of VOLUME OF WATER present in a given soil mass to the TOTAL VOLUME of its VOID is known
A. Porosity
B. Voidratio
C. Percentage voids
D. Degree of saturation
D
The ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of soil solids in a given soil mass is known
A. Porosity
B. Specific gravity
C. Void ratio
D. Water content
C
A fully saturated soil is said to be
A. One phase system
B. Two phase system with soil and air
C. Two phase system with soil and water
D. Three phase system
C
The hydrometer method of sedimentation analysis differs from the pipette analysis mainly in
A. The principle of test
B. The method of taking observations
C. The method of preparation of soil suspension
D. All of the above
B.
The pycometer is used to determine
A. Void ratio
B. Dry density
C. Water content
D. density index
C
The ratio of the weight of given volume of soil solid to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at the given temperature is known
A. Porosity
B. Specific gravity
C. Void ratio
D. Water content
B
The specific yield of soil depends upon
A. Compaction of stratum
B. Distribution of pores
C. Shape and size of particles
D. All of the above
D
A partially saturated soil is classified as
A. One phase soil
B.two phase soil
C. Three phase soil
D. Four phase soil
C
Pick up the correct statement from the following
A. In hydrometer method weight per ml of suspension is found directly
B. In pipette analysis weight per ml of suspension is found in directly
C. In pipette analysis weight per ml of suspension is found directly
D. None of this
C
The accurate determination of water content is made by
A. Calcium carbide method
B, sand bath method
C. Alcohol method
D. Oven drying method
D.
Water content of soil sample is the difference of the weight of the given sample at the given temperature and the weight determined after drying it for 24 hours a temperature ranging from
A. 80° to 90°C
B. 90° to 95° C
C. 103° to 105° C
D. 105° to 110°C
D
Valid range for n the percentage void is
A. 0<n<100
B. 0<= n <= 100
C. n>0
D. n<0
A
Wide ratio of a soil mass can
A. Never be greater than unity
B. Be zero
C. Take any value greater than zero
D. Take values between 0 and one only
C
Determination of water content of a soil sample suspected to contain gypsum is made by drying the sample for longer period of a temperature not more
A. 60° c
B. 80° c
C. 100° c
D. 110° c
B
The specific gravity of quartz
A. 2.65
B. 2.72
C. 2.85
D. 2.90
A
