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General Pathology > Fluid & Hemodynamic Disorders > Flashcards

Fluid & Hemodynamic Disorders Flashcards

0
Q

Edema factors

A

Redistribution of body fluids
loss of fluids
retention of fluids
disruption of circulation

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1
Q

Edema

A

when boundaries of normal variation exceeded - over hydration, dehydration occurs (water is 60% of total body weight) 2/3 intracellular, 1/3 intercellular spaces; blood: blood fluids must be in counterbalance with other fluid compartments

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2
Q

Edema definition

A

Excess fluid in tissues or body cavities
localized or generalized
Anasarca - generalized edema

Fluid in circulating blood is separated from interstitial fluid by blood vessel wall (semipermeable membrane)
Movement across this barrier is determined by several factors

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3
Q

Edema of specific organs

A 
Cerebral edema - brain
Pulmonary edema - lungs
Pitting edema of lower extremities
Periorbital (facial) edema
Hydrothorax
Macular edema - eyes
Ascites (hydroperitoneum) - edema within the peritoneal cavity
Pleural effusions - edema in the pleural cavity
Anasarca
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4
Q

edema classification

A

Exudate: high in protein and cells, typical of inflammation

Transudate: high in protein (but less than exudate), low in cells, may accumulate due to: 
increased hydrostatic pressure
reduced oncotic pressure
lymphatic obstruction
sodium retention
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5
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

at the arterial end of a capillary, hydrostatic pressure exceeds the hydrostatic pressure on the venous side of the capillary promoting the passage of fluids into the interstitial fluid

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6
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

AKA colloid osmotic pressure
The pressure due to the presence of colloids in the blood
Colloids - any large molecule such as starch or protein
Colloids act like a sponge

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7
Q

Types of edema (5)

A 
Inflammatory edema
Hydrostatic edema
Oncotic edema
Obstructive edema
Hypervolemic edema
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8
Q

Inflammatory edema

A

Fluid leaks through the vessel wall which has been made more permeable (exudate)

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9
Q

Hydrostatic edema

A

intravascular pressure promotes the transmembranous passage of fluids (transudate)

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10
Q

Oncotic edema

A

Decreased plasma proteins or decrease in colloid osmotic pressure (liver disease, malnutrition)

  • particularly proteins
  • Specifically albumin
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11
Q

Obstructive edema

A

very rare; can be caused by parasites or worms (Africa) or tumour cells

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12
Q

Hypervolemic edema

A

kidney dysfunction leadig to the retention of sodium and water

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13
Q

Hyperemia

A

Too much blood
Increase of blood flow to different tissues in the body due to the presence of metabolites and/or a change in general conditions

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14
Q

Hyperemia 3 types

A
  1. active
  2. reactive
  3. passive
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15
Q

Active hyperemia

A

Aka functional hyperemia
The increased blood flow that occurs when tissue is active and requires more metabolites
Typically occurs during blushing, exercise or acute inflammation

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16
Q

Reactive hyperemia

A

occurs in response to a profound increase in blood flow to an organ after being occluded
There will be a shortage of oxygen and a build-up of metabolic waste
e.g. ischemic compressions

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17
Q

passive hyperemia

A 
aka congestion
caused by increased venous backpressure
typically a consequence of heart failure
often occurs in chronic form
can lead to cyanosis (bluish tissues)
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18
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Loss of blood from the circulatory system
Can occur internally - blood leaks from blood vessels inside the body
can occur externally, either through a natural opening such as the mouth, or through a break in the skin

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19
Q

Hemorrhage - how much blood loss can be endured?

A

10-15% of total blood volume can be endured without clinical consequences (blood donation typically takes 8-10 % of the donor’s blood volume)

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20
Q

When hemorrhage becomes dangerous or fatal?

A

When it causes hypovolemia (low blood volume) or hypotension (low blood pressure)

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21
Q

Classification of hemorrhage

A

Duration: Acute, Chronic, Recurrent
Source: Cardiac, Aortic, Arterial, Capillary, Venous

22
Q

Cardiac hemorrhage

A

may result from gunshot or stabbing
may result from softening of heart wall through myocardial infarct
often fatal

23
Q

Aortic hemorrhage

A

often caused by trauma (e.g.car accident)

Can occur due to aortic wall weakening and dilation (aortic aneurysm)

24
Q

Arterial hemorrhage

A

caused by penetrating wounds from gun or knife
can also occur due to fracture

NOTE: arterial blood is bright red and under pressure (pulsating); arterial blood loss often fatal

25
Q

Capillary hemorrhage

A

marked by pinpoint droplets of blood appearing on mucosa or skin or tissues
can be related to trauma, increased venous pressure, weakening of capillary walls, Vitamin C dificiency

26
Q

venous hemorrage

A

usually traumatic
dark red or bluish
not pulsating

27
Q

Blood in thoracic cavity

A

Hemothorax

28
Q

blood in peritoneal cavity

A

Hemoperitoneum

29
Q

blood in the pericardial cavity

A

Hemopericardium

30
Q

blood filled swellings

A

Hematomas

31
Q

Small hemorrhages of skin and mucosa

A

Petechiae

32
Q

Medium hemorrhages of skin and mucosa

A

Purpura

33
Q

Large blotchy bruises

A

Ecchymoses

34
Q

Blood in respiratory tract, coughing up blood, can be due to lung cancer, TB, etc

A

Hemoptysis

35
Q

vomiting blood, can be due to esophageal cancer

A

Hematemesis

36
Q

Black, discolored blood in stool; can be due to stomach cancer

A

Melena

37
Q

Anorectal bleeding, can be due to hemorrhoids

A

Hematochezia

38
Q

uterovaginal bleeding; can be due to cervical or uterine cancer

A

Metrorrhagia

39
Q

Heavy menstrual bleeding, can be due to endometriosis (lining)

A

Menorrhagia

40
Q

blood in urine, can be due to kidney infection

A

Hematuria

41
Q

Clinical correlations of hemorrhages

A 
Depend on 
amount of blood loss
site of hemorrhage
duration
other factors
Extravasated blood can damage tissues
Large hematomas are space occupying lesions
Can compress normal structures
can cause pain
42
Q

Massive acute hemorrhage

A

Potential life-endangering event
Upto 500 ml loss - no consequences
1000-1500ml - shock
more than 1500ml - lethal

43
Q

Chronic hemorrhage

A

Bleeding gastric ulcer
Heavy menstruations
Result in anemia

44
Q

Edema in the brain

A

Cerebral edema

45
Q

Edema in lungs in the airsacs

A

Pulmonary edema

46
Q

Edema in the eyes

A

Macular edema

47
Q

Edema within the peritoneal cavity

A

Ascites

48
Q

Edema in the pleural cavity

A

Pleural effusions (between the layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavity)

49
Q

Edema in the pleural cavity with serous fluid

A

Hydrothorax

50
Q

edema of lower extremities

A

Pitting edema

51
Q

Edema on face

A

Periorbital edema

52
Q

Generalized edema in extracellular space

A

Anasarca

General Pathology (12 decks)

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