Fluid & Electrolytes Flashcards
What are the 2 major electrolytes in the ECF?
Sodium and Chloride (They have and affinity for each other)
What is the major electrolyte in the ICF?
Potassium
Describe the Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH).
It’s when too much ADH (unregulated) is produced by hypothalamus. This can cause severe hyponetremia and excess fluid volume. (It is the opposite of diabetes insipidus).
Name 5 different actions of Angiotensin II.
1) Tubular reabsorption of Na+, Cl-, & H2O.
2) Secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal glands.
3) Arteriolar vasoconstriction
4) Secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary
5) Increases sympathetic activity
Where is Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) produced and stored.
ADH is produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland.
Describe the condition of diabetes insipidus.
It is the underproduction of ADH by the hypothalamus causing polyuria.
What is the normal range of plasma osmolarity (isotonic solutions) and what osmolarity would be considered hypertonic? hypotonic?
Isotonic = between 275 and 295 mOsm/L Hypertonic = greater than 295 mOsm/L Hypotonic = less than 275 mOsm/L
What are the signs and symptoms of Hyponatremia (<135 mEq/L)?
1) Nausea
2) Confusion
3) Muscle Cramps
4) Muscle Twitching
5) Coma
6) Seizures
What are normal blood glucose levels?
70 to 120 mg/dL (fasting)
What are the 13 signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia?
1) High BG level 2) Lethargy/Sleepiness
3) Irritability 4) Blurred Vision
5) Thirst 6) Polyuria
7) Leg cramps/Numbness 8) Nausea or Vomitting
9) Upset Stomach 10) Weight Loss
11) Recurrent Infections 12) Fruity Breath
13) Coma
Cold and Dry, Blood Sugar too High
What are the 8 signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?
1) Shaking
2) Irritability/Confusion
3) Weakness/Fatigue
4) Dizziness
5) Personality Change
6) Slurred Speech
7) Siezures
8) Loss of consciousness
- Cold and Clammy need some Candy*
How are type I and type II diabetes usually diagnosed?
1) Type I - Usually diagnosed because the PT experiences a significant event (i.e., seizure)
2) Type II - Usually diagnosed because the PT experiences lifestyle symptoms (i.e., lethargy, polyuria)
Why should whole milk NOT be given as a source of sugar to someone experiencing hypoglycemia?
The fat in milk inhibits absorption, so give fat free or skim milk only
Define Azotemia
An excess level of urea in the blood, usually due to renal insufficiency.
What is the normal urine output for an average adult?
40 to 80 mL/hr
What are the signs and symptoms of Hypernatremia (> 145 mEq/L)?
1) Thirst
2) Increased Temp
3) Dry, swollen, red tongue
4) Stick Mucous Membranes
4) Irritabilty and Restlessness
5) Tachycardia
What are the signs and symptoms of Hypokalemia (<3.5 mEq/L)?
1) Weak peripheral pulses
2) Muscle weakness
3) Cardiac arryhthmias
4) ECG changes
5) Polyuria
What are the signs and symptoms of Hyperkalemia (>5.0 mEq/L)?
1) Cardiac Arrhythmias
2) Paresthesia of the face, tongue, feet, and hands
3) ECG Changes
What are the signs and symptoms of Hypocalcemia (<8.5 mG/dL)?
1) Numbness and tingling of fingers and toes
2) Spasm of laryngeal muscles
3) Cramps in muscles of the extremities
4) Mental Changes
What are the signs and symptoms of Hypercalcemia (> 10.5 mg/dL)?
1) Lethargy
2) Constipated
3) Decreased memory and attention span
4) Renal Stones
5) Muscular Weakness