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Test 5 > Fluid & Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid & Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Potassium critical values

A

Less than three
Greater than 6.1

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2
Q

Sodium critical values

A

Less than 120
Greater than 160

Natremia is 140–160

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3
Q

Magnesium critical values

A

Less than 0.5.
Greater than 3

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4
Q

Calcium critical values

A

Less than 6
Greater than 13

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5
Q

Hyperkalemia (calcium)-call 911😷
Side effects

A

Side effects: swollen and slow with moans, groans and stones
B-bone pain
A-arrhythmias(tachycardia, HTN)
C-coma, lethargic, disorientation
K-kidney stones
M-muscle weakness
E-excessive urination

‼️ cardiac arrest if it’s severe‼️

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6
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia (calcium) causes:

A

Hyperkalemia, can be caused by:
Prolonged immobilization, hyper parathyroidism, bone tumors

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7
Q

Treatment for hyperkalemia:

A

Identify incorrect underlying cause
IV fluid
Diuretics

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8
Q

Intervention for hyperkalemia(calcium):

A

Cardiac
Pain management
Cognition
Input and output

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9
Q

What is hypokalemia?(potassium)
Side effects or symptoms

A

Everything is spazzing
S-spasms (carpopedal)
P-perioral paresthesia/twitching
A-anxious and irritable, confused
S-seizures
M-muscle weakness, cramps, tetany
O-over active bowel sounds
D-dysrhythmias(bradycardia)
I-I have low blood pressure
C-chvostek’s sign & trousseau’s sign

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10
Q

Causes of hypokalemia(calcium)

A

Calcium deficient diet, vitamin D, deficiency, chronic, diarrhea, laxative misuse

Drugs: phenytoin (Dilantin). Corticosteroids

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11
Q

Treatment for hypokalemia(calcium)

A

PO supplement
IV replacement

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12
Q

Chvostek sign

A

When you poke a patient’s cheek, and the cheek twitches

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13
Q

Trousseaus sign

A

One blood pressure cup causes fingers to spasm(carpal spasm)

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14
Q

Hyper magnesium signs and symptoms

A

Everything is quiet…. Too quiet.
Cardiac - bradycardia, hypotension
Neuromuscular - hypo, active reflexes, muscle weakness
Respiratory -depressed, respirations
G.I. - hypoactive bowel sounds

Trousseaus signs : blood pressure cup causes carpal spasm
Chvostek signs: one patient cheek is tapped it causes facial twitching

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15
Q

Causes of hypermagnesemia (magnesium)

A

Increased magnesium intake, parenteral overload of magnesium, end, stage renal disease

Drugs : magnesium salt(milk of magnesia, magnesium citrate,mylanta)

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16
Q

Treatment for hypermagnesemia (magnesium)

A

Calcium gluconate

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17
Q

Interventions for hypermagnesemia (magnesium)

A

Continuous pulse ox
Fall risk
Cardiac monitoring telemetry

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18
Q

Hypomagnesemia symptoms

A

Cardiac-tachycardia
Neuromuscular -hyper, active reflexes, abnormal eye-movement(nystagmus), tetany(muscle tents up), convulsions, irritability, muscle cramps
G.I. -diarrhea

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19
Q

Causes of hypomagnesemia (magnesium)

A

Mount nutrition, chronic, alcoholism, chronic, diarrhea, laxative, misuse, vomiting

Drugs: diuretics, antibiotics, laxatives

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20
Q

Treatment for hypomagnesemia

A

Seizure precautions
Fall risk
Telemetry monitoring
Monitor input an output

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21
Q

What is nutrition?

A

Nutrition is the basic concept of health and is essential for
Normal growth and development
Tissue, maintenance and repair
Cellular metabolism
Organ function

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22
Q

What is the goal of healthy people 2030

A

Tim prove the health and well-being of older adults

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23
Q

Examples of nutrition and healthy, eating objectives for healthy people 2030

A

Reduce the proportion of adults who are obese
-Increase the proportion of schools that do not sell less healthy foods and beverages
-Reduce the proportion of adult with high blood pressure
-Increase the proportion of students participating in the school breakfast program
-Increase the proportion of eligible students participating in the US department of agricultural USDA Summer food service program
-Reduce iron deficiency among females and 12 to 49 years
-Increase the proportion of websites that offer a nutrition program as part of an employee health promotion program

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24
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate?(bmr)

A

It is the energy needed address to maintain life-sustaining activities (breathing, circulation, heart rate, and temperature) for a specific amount of time

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25
Q

What is resting energy expenditure? (REE)

A

Is the amount of energy you need to consume over a 24 hour period for your body to maintain all of its internal working activities while at rest

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26
Q

How to kilocalories (Kcal) work

A

-When the kilocalories of the food we eat, meat or energy requirements, or white does not change
-When the kilocalories ingested exceed our energy demands, we gain weight
-If the kilocalories in Chesterfield to meet our energy requirements, we lose weight

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27
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

They are the main source of energy in the diet. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Each gram of carbohydrate produces 4Kcal/g

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28
Q

What are proteins?

A

Proteins provide a source of energy(4Kcal/g)

Proteins are essential for
Growth, maintenance, and repair of body tissues

Collagen, hormones, enzymes, immune cells, deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA), and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are all made of protein

In addition, blood clotting, fluid regulation, and acid base, balance require proteins

29
Q

What are fats?

A

Fats are the most calorie, dense, nutrient, providing 9kcal/g

30
Q

What percentage of water makes up the total weight of the body

A

Water makes up 60 to 70% a total body weight

When deprived of water, a person usually cannot survive for more than a few days
And a healthy individual fluid intake from all sources, equal fluid output through elimination, respiration, and sweating

An I’ll person has an increase need for fluid
-Fever or gastrointestinal losses

Buy contrast he, or she also has a decrease ability to excrete fluid
-Cardio pulmonary or renal disease, which often leads to the need for fluid restriction

31
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic substances present in small amounts of food that are essential to normal metabolism

32
Q

What are fat soluble vitamins

A

Fat, soluble, vitamins, would be vitamin A, D, E, & K— they are stored in the fatty compartments of the body

People choir vitamins, primarily through dietary intake, although vitamin D also comes from the sun

The body has a high storage capacity for fat soluble vitamins
—-as a result, toxicity as possible, when a person takes larger doses of them

33
Q

What are water soluble vitamins

A

These would be vitamin C and B complex(which is eight vitamins)

The body does not store water, soluble, vitamins; thus, we need them provided in our daily food intake

Water, soluble, vitamins, absorbed easily from the G.I. tract although they are not stored, toxicity can still occur

34
Q

What does the gallbladder do

A

It’s stores in concentrates bile

35
Q

What does the stomach to?

A

It’s stores in turns food HCI, activates enzymes, breaks up food, kills germs, mucus, protect stomach wall,
limited absorption

36
Q

What does the liver do?

A

It breaks down and built up many biological molecules
Stores, vitamins, and iron
Destroys old blood cells
Destroys poisons
Produces bile to a digestion

37
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Hormones regulate blood glucose levels
Bio carbonate neutralize stomach acid

38
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

Completes digestion
Mucus protects, gut wall
Absorbs, nutrients, most water

39
Q

What does the rectum do

A

It’s stores and expels feces

40
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Peristalsis is a wave like muscular contraction, it moves the food to the base of the esophagus, above the cardiac sphincter.🌊

41
Q

What is chyme?

A

Food leaves the atrium, or distal stomach, through the pyloric sphincter and enters the duodenum. Food is now an acidic, liquefied mass called. CHYME

42
Q

What is bile

A

It is manufactured by the liver, and stored in the gallbladder

** Violent acts as a detergent, it emulsifies, fat to permit enzymes action while suspending fatty acids and solution

43
Q

What is active transport?

A

An energy dependent process, typically driven by adenosine triphosphate (ATP). During the process particles move from an area of lower concentration to an area of greater concentration. (Against the concentration gradient)

44
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Refers to all the bio chemical reactions within the cells of the body

45
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The building of more complex, bio chemical substances, by the synthesis of nutrients

46
Q

What is catabolism

A

The breakdown of bio chemical substances into simpler substances and occurs during psychological state of negative nitrogen balance is

Starvation is an example of cannibalism in the wasting of body tissue, occurs

47
Q

Dietary guidelines for Americans; Key guidelines and recommendations for the general population

A

-Make nutritional needs primarily from nutrient, dense foods and beverages
-Start food planning with consideration of personal preferences
-Eat inappropriate mix of food from the food groups and sub groups that is within the appropriate calorie level to promote health of each life stage
-Practice food, safety to prevent bacterial foodborne, illnesses, use food, safety principles of clean, separate, cook, and chill
-Read nutrition, facts, labels on food products to make informed and healthy food decisions

48
Q

How does grapefruit juice affect medication’s?

A

Grapefruit juice affects her drugs are changed(metabolized) in the body for eventual elimination, and can alter the amount of drug in your body—— this can lead to enhanced side effects or lower drug effectiveness

49
Q

Nursing process

A

Food preference
Cultural practices and eating
Family traditions

Nursing history
Signs of poor nutrition

Common lab tests
Plasma proteins : albumin, transferring, pre-albumin, total iron binding capacity, and hemoglobin

50
Q

What is dysphasia?

A

It is difficulty swallowing

51
Q

Who would be a high nutritional risk?

A

Patients who are NPO and receive only standard IV fluids for more than 5 to 7 days or a high nutritional risk

52
Q

What is a clear liquid

A

It would include clear, fat, free broth, bullion, coffee, tea, carbonated, beverages, clear, fruit, juices, gelatin, fruit ices, Popsicles

53
Q

What is a full liquid diet?

A

Same thing as a clear liquid with addition of:
Smooth, textured dairy products (ice cream)
Strained or blended cream soups
Custard
Refined cooked cereals
Vegetable juice
Puréed vegetables
All fruit juices
Sherbet
Puddings
Frozen yogurt

54
Q

Dysphasia stages: thicken liquids, purée

A

Same as clear and full liquid with the addition of scrambled eggs, puréed, meats, vegetables, and fruits, as well as mashed potatoes and gravy

55
Q

Mechanical soft diet

A

This will be the same as clear and full liquid and puréed diet. With the addition of all cream, soups, ground or finely diced meats, flaked fish, cottage cheese, cheese, rice, potatoes, pancakes, light, bread, cooked vegetables, canned or cooked fruits, bananas, soups, peanut butter, scrambled eggs.

56
Q

Soft/low residue diet

A

Addition of low fiber, easily digested foods, such as pastas, casseroles, moist, tender meats, and can’t cook fruits and vegetables; desserts, cakes, and cookies, without nuts or coconut

57
Q

High fiber, diet

A

Fresh, uncooked, fruits, steamed vegetables, Brandon, oatmeal, and dried fruits

58
Q

Low sodium diet

A

4-g (no added salt), 2-g, 1-g, or 500 mg sodium diet; very form no add salt to severe sodium restrictions what’s require selective food purchases (reading the sodium levels on the back. Where are the nutrition facts are found)

59
Q

What is a low cholesterol diet?

A

300 mg/day cholesterol, and keeping with American heart association guidelines for Sarah and lipid reduction

60
Q

Diabetic diet

A

Nutrition recommendations by the American diabetes association: focus on total energy, nutrient in food distribution; includes a balance intake of carbohydrates, fat, and proteins; fairy caloric recommendations to accommodate patience, metabolic demands

61
Q

What is a gluten-free diet?

A

This die, illuminate, sweet, oats, right, Berlin, and they’re derivates

62
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane to a solution with a lower concentration of water

63
Q

What is dyspnea

A

Difficult or labored breathing

64
Q

Diabetes inspidus

A

Pt is urinating a lot

65
Q

Furosemide (lasix)

A

Loop diuretics

It decreases the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the ascending loop of Henle

66
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide

A

It increases the secretion of sodium and water in the distal convoluted tubule

67
Q

Spirono lactone

A

Potassium, sparing, diuretics, cause, sodium and water excretion in the distal tubule, while is promoting potassium retention(blocks aldosterone receptors)

68
Q

Mannitol

A

Produces diuresis by increasing the osmotic pressure within the kidney

Test 5 (1 decks)

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