Fluid + electrolyte imbalance Flashcards
Fluid imbalance: symptoms
- Thirst + oliguria
- Light headed + fatigue
- Sunken eyes, dry skin
- Rapid breathing + low BP
Fluid imbalance: causes
- Diarrhoea, vomiting, fever
- Diabetes insipidus (excess urination)
- Diuretics
Fluid imbalance: treatment
Fluid + electrolyte imbalance
- Oral rehydration therapy
Severe
- IV sodium chloride, potassium, glucose
Hyponatraemia: symptoms
- Drowsy
- Confusion
- Headaches
- Muscle cramps
- Seizure + coma
Hyponatraemia: drug causes
- Anti-depressants
- Carbamazepine
- Desmopressin
- Diuretics
Hyponatraemia: treatment (mild/mod)
Oral sodium salts
- Chloride or bicarbonate depends on acid base status
Hyponatraemia: treatment (severe)
IV saline
- Isotonic: peripheral vein
- Concentrated: central vein
- Give slowly, risk of osmotic demyelination syndrome
- Add glucose if combined water + sodium depletion
Hypernatraemia: symptoms
- Thirst
- Oliguria
- Muscle spasms
- Lethargy
- Confusion
- Seizures + coma
Hypernatraemia: drug causes
- Oral contraceptives
- IV abx
- Corticosteroids
- Lithium
Hypernatraemia: treatment
IV glucose
Hypokalaemia: symptoms
- Muscle cramps
- Fatigue
- Constipation
- Polyuria + polydipsia
- Arrhythmias
Hypokalaemia: drug causes
- Loop + thiazide
- Insulin
- B2 agonist
- Theophylline
- Laxative abuse
- Corticosteroid
Hypokalaemia: treatment (mild/mod)
Oral potassium salts
- smaller doses in RI
- Used as prevention w diuretics + digoxin
Hypokalaemia: treatment (severe)
IV potassium chloride
- Caution: fatal in OD
Hyperkalaemia: symptoms
- Muscle weakness
- Numbness
- Tingling
- Arrhythmia
- Cardiac arrest
