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461 - Exam 4 > Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance PPT > Flashcards

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance PPT Flashcards

1
Q

Fluid surrounds all the cells in the body and is also inside cells. Body fluids contain electrolytes such as sodium and ______; they also have a certain degree of acidity.

A

potassium

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2
Q

Fluid electrolyte and acid-base balances within the body maintain the health and _____ of all body systems.

A

function

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3
Q

______ is water that contains dissolved or suspended substances such as glucose, mineral salts, and proteins.

A

fluid

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4
Q

Fluid amount = _______

A

volume

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5
Q

Fluid concentration = ______

A

osmolality

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6
Q

Fluid composition = ________

A

electrolyte concentration

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7
Q

Degree of acidity = ________

A

pH

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8
Q

Characteristics of Body Fluids

A

Volume
Osmolality
Electrolyte concentration
pH

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9
Q

The _____ of body fluids influence body system function because of their effects on cell function.

A

characteristics

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10
Q

All the the characteristics of body fluids have _______, which keep them in balance for normal function.

A

regulatory mechanisms

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11
Q

Water is about ____% of body weight (and proportion decreases with age).

A

60%

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12
Q

Body fluids are located in 2 distinct compartments, ______ and ______.

A

extracellular and intracellular

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13
Q

Body fluids containing water, Na+, and other electrolytes are distributed between distinct compartments: _______ is outside the cells, and _______ is inside the cells.

A 
extracellular fluid (ECF)
intracellular fluid (ICF)
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14
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF) make up ____ of total body water.

A

1/3

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15
Q

The three divisions of extracellular fluid (ECF) include interstitial, intravascular, and ______.

A

trasncellular

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16
Q

_______ are the fluids between cells and outside the blood vessels. These include lymph (fluid in the lymphatic channels)

A

interstitial fluid

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17
Q

______ is liquid part of blood (plasma) found in the vascular system.

A

intravascular fluid

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18
Q

_______ are secreted by epithelial cells and include cerebrospinal, pleural, peritoneal, and synovial fluids.

A

transcellular fluid

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19
Q

Body Fluid Compartments

A

p 935 figure 42-1

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20
Q

Fluid in body compartments contain _____ (mineral salts)

A

electrolytes

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21
Q

______ are compounds that separate into ions (charged particles) when they dissolve in water.

A

electrolytes

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22
Q

Ions are _____ particles.

A

charged

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23
Q

_____ are positively charged ions.

A

cations

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24
Q

_____ are negatively charged ions.

A

anions

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25
Q

Clinical laboratories usually report electrolytes in _____ or ______. (units of concentration)

A

mEq/L or mmol/L

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26
Q

Positively Charged Ions

A

sodium
potassium
calcium
magnesium

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27
Q

Negatively Charged Ions

A

chloride
bicarbonate
sulfate

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28
Q

Anions and cations combine to make _____.

A

salts

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29
Q

If you put table salt (NaCL) in water is separates into ____ and ____.

A

Na+ and Cl-

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30
Q

Fluid that contains a large number of dissolved particles is more _____ than the same amount of fluid that contains only a few particles.

A

concentrated

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31
Q

______ of fluid is a measure of the number of particles per kilogram of water.

A

osmolality

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32
Q

Electrolytes (____) are dissolved in plasma (_____).

A

solute

solvent

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33
Q

The liquid in which a solute is dissolved is called a ____.

A

solvent.

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34
Q

Table 43-1 Lab Normal Values for Adults

A

page 935

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35
Q

How are solutions classified?

A

hypertonic
isotonic
hypotonic

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36
Q

Particles that cannot cross cell membranes easily are called _____ particles that determine the tonicity of a fluid.

A

nonpermeant

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37
Q

A fluid with the same concentration of nonpermeant particles as normal blood is called _____.

A

isotonic

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38
Q

____ solutions have the same osmolarity as blood, similar to normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride).

A

isotonic

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39
Q

A ____ solution is more dilute than blood, and a hypertonic solution is more concentrated than normal blood.

A

hypotonic

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40
Q

A ____ solution such as 3% sodium chloride pulls fluid from cells, causing them to shrink.

A

hypertonic

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41
Q

A ____ solution such as 0.45% sodium chloride moves fluids into cells, causing them to enlarge.

A

hypotonic

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42
Q

Some particles such as _____ pass easily through cell membranes.

A

urea

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43
Q

Some particles such as ___ cannot cross cell membranes easily.

A

Na+

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44
Q

Fig 42-2 p 936

A

?

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45
Q

A hypotonic solution is more dilute than blood, and a ______ solution is more concentrated than normal blood.

A

hypertonic

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46
Q

Slide 8-18

A

?

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47
Q

_____ regulates fluid intake.

A

thirst

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48
Q

When a disease process disrupts the process of fluid intake and output, _____ will occur.

A

imbalances

49
Q

What should your fluid intake be a day?

A

2300 mL/day

50
Q

Fluid imbalance occurs with diarrhea. If there is a rapid increase in fluid output a fluid imbalance, ______, will occur if intake does not increase appropriately.

A

dehydration

51
Q

ICF and ECF move via ____.

A

osmosis

52
Q

Vascular to Interstitial fluid moves via ____.

A

filtration

53
Q

Hormonal influences on fluid balance include what 3 hormones.

A

antidiuretic hormone
renin-angiotensis=aldosterone mechanism
atrial natriuretic peptides

54
Q

Fluid output occurs through kidneys, skin, lungs, and the ______.

A

GI tract

55
Q

Insensible loss

A

def

56
Q

sensible loss

A

def

57
Q

Extracellular fluid volume ______ occurs when there is a disturbances of the amount of fluid in the extracellular compartment.

A

deficit

58
Q

______ means decreased vascular volume and often is used when discussing ECV deficit.

A

hypovolemia

59
Q

Table 42-3

A

p940

60
Q

ECV excess occurs when too much ___ fluid is found in the extracellular compartment.

A

isotonic

61
Q

_____ imbalances are disturbances in the concentration of body fluids. Fluids become either hypertonic or hypotonic.

A

osmolality

62
Q

_____ is a water deficit; hypertonic

A

hypernateremia

63
Q

____ is water excess; hypotonic

A

hyponatremia

64
Q

_______ is the combination of ECV deficit and hypernatremia.

A

clinical dehydration

65
Q

Two major types of fluid imbalances

A

volume imbalances

osmolality imbalances

66
Q

Volume and osmolality imbalances may occur separately or in _____.

A

combination

67
Q

ECV deficit and excess are abnormal volumes of isotonic fluid, manifested as sudden changes in ____ and changes in markers of vascular and interstitial volume.

A

body weight

68
Q

ECV deficit is present when isotonic fluid is insufficient in the ______ compartment. Remember that a lot of sodium is found in normal ECF. With ECV deficit, output of isotonic fluid exceeds intake of sodium-containing fluid. Because ECF is both vascular and interstitial, signs and symptoms arise from lack of volume in both of these compartments.

A

extracellular

69
Q

ECV excess occurs when too much isotonic fluid is found in the extracellular compartment. Intake of sodium-containing isotonic fluid has _____ fluid output. For example, when you eat more salty foods than usual and drink water, you may notice that your ankles swell or rings on your fingers feel tight, and you gain 2 lbs (1 kg) or more overnight. These are manifestations of mild ECV excess.

A

exceeded

70
Q

______ is called water excess or water intoxication, is a hypotonic condition. It arises from gain of relatively more salt than water. The excessively dilute condition of interstitial fluid causes water to enter cells by osmosis, causing the cells to swell. Signs and symptoms of cerebral dysfunction occur when brain cells swell.

A

hyponatremia

71
Q

ECV deficit and hypernatremia often occur at the same time; this combination is called clinical dehydration. The ECV is ______, and the body fluids are too concentrated.

A

toolow

72
Q

Clinical dehydration is common with _______ or other causes of severe vomiting and diarrhea when people are not able to replace their fluid output with enough intake of dilute sodium-containing fluids. Signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration are those of both ECV deficit and hypernatremia.

A

gastroenteritis

73
Q

Treatment for ECV excess consists of _______ and fluid restriction, if severe; treatment for hyponatremia usually involves water restriction.

A

Na+ restriction

74
Q

Hyponatremia < ____ meQ/L

A

135

75
Q

Hyponatremia is the gain of more _____ than ____.

A

water than salt

76
Q

Hyponatremia is the loss of more _____ than _____.

A

salt than water

77
Q

With ______ cells swell.

A

hyponatremia

78
Q

Hyponatremia signs and symptoms

A

decreased level of consciousness (confusion, lethargy, coma)
seizures, if develops rapidly or is severe
serum osmolality X280 mmol/kg

79
Q

Hypernatremia >____ meQ/L

A

145

80
Q

_______ is the loss of more water than salt. Also, it is the gain or more salt than water.

A

hypernatremia

81
Q

With ______ cells shrivel.

A

hypernatremia

82
Q

Hypernatremia of signs and symptoms

A

Decreased level of consciousness (confusion, lethargy, coma)
Thirst
Seizures, if develops rapidly or is severe
Serum Osmolality >300mmol/kg

83
Q

Three processes to maintain homeostasis

A
  1. intake and absorption
  2. distribution
  3. output
84
Q

What is included in output?

A

urine, feces, sweat, vomiting, drainage, fistulas?

85
Q

You can best understand electrolyte balance by considering the three processes involved in electrolyte ______: electrolyte intake and absorption, electrolyte distribution, and electrolyte output.

A

homeostasis

86
Q

Interplay of electrolyte intake and absorption, electrolyte distribution, and electrolyte output determines the balance of _________.

A

K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and phosphate.

87
Q

Although sodium is an electrolyte, it is not included here because ______ are the osmolality imbalances discussed previously.

A

serum sodium imbalances

88
Q

Electrolyte distribution is an important issue. Note that the electrolyte values that you review from laboratory reports are measured in _____ and do not measure intracellular levels.

A

blood serum

89
Q

_______ occurs through normal excretion in urine, feces, and sweat. Output also occurs through vomiting, drainage tubes, and fistulas.

A

Electrolyte output

90
Q

When electrolyte output increases, electrolyte intake must ____ to maintain electrolyte balance.

A

increase

91
Q

Similarly, if electrolyte output decreases, as with oliguria (abnormally small amounts of urine), electrolyte intake must also _______ to maintain balance.

A

decrease

92
Q

-emia means

A

blood condition

93
Q

hyper means

A

excessive

94
Q

hypo means

A

deficient

95
Q

kal relates to

A

potassium

96
Q

calc relates to

A

calcium

97
Q

Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia are related to what electrolyte?

A

Potassium (K+)

98
Q

Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia are related to what electrolyte?

A

Calcium (Ca2+)

99
Q

Hypomagnesemia

Hypermagnesemia are related to what electrolyte?

A

Magnesium (Mg2+)

100
Q

review page 942 box 42.-5

A

pp

101
Q

patient hypertension what intake will be limited first by dr

A

pot, sod, pro, flu

cor: sod

102
Q

when a nurse evaluating i&o the fluid intake documented should be

A

slightly more than fl o
lower than u o
higher than fl o
equal

cor: slightly more

103
Q

a diuretic is give to a patient retaining fluid. what should you encourage the patient to ingest nutrients rich in

A

mag
pot
cal
sod

cor: potassium

104
Q

a fluid and electrolyte imbalance is suspected in an older patient. which assessment best reflects fluid/elect bala in older adults.

A

intake and output results
serum lab val
condi of skin
prese of tent

cor: serum lab val

105
Q

a patient with a fever has profuse sweating, dry sticky mucous membranes, wekaness, disor, decreasing LOC. what concon does the data supp?

A

hyperkalemia - has cardiac effects
hypercalcemia
hypernatremia
hypermagnesemia

cor: hypernatremia

106
Q

inc bp and 2 lb weigh gain over 48 hours what is associated manifestation?

A

dec hr
inc turgor
inc pulse volume (CO)
dec pulse press

cor: inc pulse volume

107
Q

assessing sev patients for f/e imbala. the common to excess fluid vol and defi flu vol?

A

inc pul ampli
dec bp
diff brea
muscl weak

cor: mus weak

108
Q

your assessing a pat fl status. what asses indicates a deficient fluid volmue

A

neg balance in I%o
dec bod temp (not hypothermia)
inc bp
sob

corr: negative bala

109
Q

know case study values

A

?

110
Q

client with fever and diaphoretic. monitoring i & O you expect

A

urine will be dilute
output decreased
urine production increased
the majority=(not right) of fluid will b excreted through the skin

corr: outpul decreased

111
Q

a client taking k sparing diurectic about foods h in potassium. further education is needed if the client thinks this fruit is high in K

A

kiwi
celery
orang
dried fruit

corr: celery (not on quiz prop)

112
Q

______ maintains resting potential of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle allowing for normal muscle function and nerve impulse conduction.

A

potassium

113
Q

_____ is abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood (below _____ mEq/L)

A

Hypokalemia

3.5mEq/L

114
Q

Results from a decreased potassium intake and absorption, a shift of potassium from the extracellular fluid into the cells, and an increased potassium output describes _____.

A

hypokalemia

115
Q

Risk Factors for Hypokalemia

A

Diarrhea
repeated vomiting
DKA (following correction)
use of potassium wasting diurectics.

116
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Potassium K+

A

muscle weakness, which can become life threatening if it includes respiratory muscles, and potentially life threatening cardiac dysrhythmias.
depressed ST segment
Flattened T-wave

117
Q

_________ is abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood (>_______mEq/L)

A

hyperkalemia

5.0

118
Q

classification of surgeries on qquiz

A

?

461 - Exam 4 (6 decks)

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