Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Flashcards
Isotonic
same concentration of particles as plasma
Hypotonic
lesser concentration of particles than plasma
Hypertonic
greater concentration of particles than plasma
What effect does isotonic have on the fluid in the cells?
there is a nice even distribution of water
If you have a dehydrated cell what kind of fluid would you give?
a hypotonic solution
If you have cells with edema what kind of solution would you give?
a hypertonic solution
What is the normal lab value of sodium?
134 - 145 mEq/L
What is the normal lab value of calcium serum?
8.6 - 10.2 mg/dL
What is the normal lab value of ionized calcium?
4.5 - 5.1 mg/dL
What is the normal lab value of potassium?
3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L
What is the normal lab value of magnesium?
1.3 - 2.3 mEq/L
What is the normal lab value of chloride?
97 - 107 mEq/L
What is the normal lab value of phosphate?
2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL
What is the normal lab value of bicarbonate?
22 - 29 mEq/L
What electrolyte controls and regulates volume of body fluids?
Sodium
What electrolyte involves nerve impulse, blood clotting, muscle contraction, and B12 absorption?
Calcium
What electrolyte is the chief regulator of cellular enzyme activity and water content?
Potassium
What electrolyte involves metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins and vital actions involving enzymes?
Magnesium
What electrolyte maintains osmotic pressure in blood and produces hydrochloric acid?
Chloride
What electrolyte is involved in important chemical reactions in the body, cell division, and hereditary traits?
Phosphate
What electrolyte is the body’s primary buffer system?
Bicarbonate
What is calcium serum?
The total amount of calcium circulating in the blood
What is ionized calcium?
The calcium that is not attached to proteins and is free to be used by the body
Hypovolemia
A deficiency in the amount of water and electrolytes in ECF with near-normal water to electrolyte proportions. In other waters you are losing equal amounts of water and electrolytes at the same time.
Hypovolemia is also known as?
Fluid deficit
What are the assessments for hypovolemia?
- assess muscle strength
- assess skin for color and moisture
- take vital signs for respirations
What are the signs and symptoms of hypovolemia?
- decreased or no urine output
- weakness
- skin is pallor, cold, or clammy
- rapid breathing
- anxiety of confusion
What are the common causes of hypovolemia?
- hemorrhage (internal or external wounds)
- persistent vomiting or diarrhea
- dehydration and malnutrition
Hypervolemia
An excessive retention of water and sodium in ECF/vascular space. We are holding on to fluid.
Hypervolemia is also known as?
Fluid excess
What are the assessments for hypervolemia?
- inspect and palpate for edema
- take vital signs for respirations and BP
What are some signs and symptoms for hypervolemia?
- rapid weight gain
- edema
- shortness of breath
- high blood pressure
What are the common causes of hypervolemia?
- CHF
- kidney failure
- liver failure
- IV fluids
What is third-space fluid shift?
a shift of body fluid into potential body spaces
What is interstitial-to-plasma shift?
movement of fluid from space surrounding cells to blood
Hyponatremia
decreased or low levels of sodium in the blood
What is the lab value of hyponatremia?
blood sodium less than 135 mEq/L
What is happening in the body during hyponatremia?
fluid moves from ECF (vascular space) to the ICF (cellular space)
What are the assessments for hyponatremia?
- vital signs of BP
- neuroligical assessment
- inspect and palpate for edema
- inspect skin for dryness
What are the signs and symptoms of hyponatremia?
- confusion
- hypertension
- edema
- muscle cramps
- weakness
- dry skin
- seizures
What are the common causes of hyponatremia?
- sweat (diaphoresis)
- diuretics
- vomiting
- diarrhea
