Fluid Distribution and Edema

Question 1

Causes of isotonic fluid loss?

Answer 1

diarrhea
hemorrhage
vomiting

Question 2

Causes of loss of hypotonic fluid?

Answer 2

dehydration
diabetes insipidus
alcholism

Question 3

Causes of gain of isotonic fluid?

Answer 3

isotonic saline

Question 4

Gain of hypotonic fluid causes?

Answer 4

hypotonic saline
water intoxication

Question 5

What are the cause loss of hypertonic fluid?

Answer 5

aldosterone or adrenal insufficiency

Question 6

What are the causes of gain of hypertonic fluid?

Answer 6

hypertonic saline
hypertonic mannitol

Question 7

Be able to make a diagram of the Basic metabolic profile/ Panel

Answer 7

Question 8

ECF estimated osmolarity equation

Answer 8

2(Na+)mEq/L + glucose mg%/18 + urea mg%/2.8

Question 9

What are he 2 primary factors regulating aldosterone release?

Answer 9

plasma angiotensin II (Ang II)
Plasma K+

Question 10

What is normal osmolar gap?

Answer 10

≤ 15

Question 11

What are the 2 main regulators of ADH?

Answer 11

plasma osmolality (directly related)
Blood pressure/volume (inversely related)

Question 12

Renin 3 primary regulators?

Answer 12

1. perfusion pressure to kidney (inversely related)
2. sympathetic stimulation to the kidney
3. Na+ deliver to the macula dense (inversely related)

Question 13

Pc

Answer 13

hydrostatic pressure in capillary (blood pressure)

Question 14

πIF

Answer 14

Oncotic (osmotic) force in interstitium

Question 15

What are the forces for filtration?

Answer 15

Pc and πIF

Question 16

What are the forces for absorption?

Answer 16

πC oncotic (osmotic) pressure of plasma
PIF = hydrostatic pressure in the interstitium

Question 17

What is the Starling equation?

Answer 17

Qf = k[(Pc + πIF) - (PIF + πC)]

Question 18

What are the causes of increased Pc?

Answer 18

increased blood flow
increased venous pressure
elevated blood volume

Question 19

What are the causes of increased πIF?

Answer 19

primarily thyroid dysfunction but lymphedema as well

Question 20

Common causes of cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

Answer 20

elevated Pc
Increased left atrial pressure increases venous pressure

Question 21

What are some causes of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

Answer 21

increased permeability ARDS

sepsis,
bacterial pneumonia,
trauma
gastric aspirations

Question 22

Some clinical signs of cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

Answer 22

orthopnea
elevated pulmonary wedge pressure

Question 23

Treatment for cardiogenic Pc?

Answer 23

diuretic therapy to reduce left atrial pressure

Question 24

Clinical signs of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

Answer 24

pulmonary wedge pressure normal or low

dyspnea of rapid onset, hypoxemia and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates

Question 25

Volume of compartment formula?

Answer 25

amount of tracer/concentration of tracer in compartment to be measured

Question 26

Formulas to measure blood volume?

Answer 26

7% of body weight in kg

blood volume = plasma volume/1-hematocrit

Question 27

ECF tracers?

Answer 27

inulin, mannitol, sodium, sucrose

Question 28

Property of ECF tracers?

Answer 28

permeable to capillary membranes but no cell membranes

Question 29

Total body water tracers?

Answer 29

tritiated water, urea