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Fluid, electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis > Fluid compartments and fluid homeostasis > Flashcards

Fluid compartments and fluid homeostasis Flashcards

Compare locations of ICF and ECF; describe various body fluid compartments; discuss sources and regulation of water and solute gain and loss; explain how fluids move between compartments

1
Q

What is the % split of solids and fluids in males?

A

40% solids, 60% fluids

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2
Q

What is the % split of solids and fluids in females?

A

45% solids, 55% fluids

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3
Q

What is the fractional split of ICF and ECF in humans?

A

2/3 ICF and 1/3 ECF

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4
Q

What is the % split of ICF between interstitial fluid and blood plasma in humans?

A

80% interstitial fluid, 20% blood plasma

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5
Q

What is the name for the general barrier which separates ICF from interstitial fluid?

A

The plasma membrane

Selectively permeable barrier with active transport pumps for some ions

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6
Q

What is the name for the general barrier which separates interstitial fluid from blood plasma?

A

Blood vessel walls

Thin and ‘leaky’ to allow water and solute exchange

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7
Q

Which type of blood vessel has walls thin enough to allow the exchange of water and solutes between blood plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

Capillaries

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8
Q

What is another name for intracellular fluid?

A

Cytosol

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9
Q

What are the two standards for a body being in fluid balance?

A
  1. Required amounts of water and solutes are present
  2. Water and solutes are correctly proportioned among the various compartments
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10
Q

Which has the higher water content: adipose tissue or skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue (∼65% water)

Adipose tissue is <20% water

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11
Q

Why is fluid balance closely related to electrolyte balance?

A

Osmosis is the primary means of water movement between interstitial fluid and ICF - concentration of solutes determine the direction of water movement

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12
Q

How do the kidneys support fluid balance?

A

Varying the concentration of urine to ensure the right balance between water and solutes in the body

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13
Q

List the three methods of water gain in order from largest to smallest contribution

A
  1. Ingested liquids
  2. Ingested foods
  3. Metabolic water
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14
Q

List the four main forms of water loss in order from largest to smallest losses

A
  1. Urine
  2. Perspiration
  3. Water vapour in exhalation
  4. Faeces
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15
Q

In which region of the brain is the thirst centre found?

A

Hypothalamous

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16
Q

What are the four main stimuli of the thirst centre?

A
  1. Increased blood osmolarity - MAIN
  2. Decreased blood volume
  3. Decreased blood pressure
  4. Dry mouth
17
Q

What is the technical definition of dehydration?

A

Reduction in total body water
A decrease in volume and increase in osmolarity of body fluids

18
Q

What is the major hormone which regulates water loss?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

also known as vasopressin

19
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

The hypothalamous

20
Q

Where is ADH stored?

A

The posterior pituitary gland

21
Q

What are the five organic substances found in body fluids?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Amino acids/proteins
  3. Fatty acids
  4. Hormones
  5. Enzymes
22
Q

Name and describe the three levels of fluid spacing

A
  1. First spacing - normal distribution of fluids
  2. Second spacing - abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid (oedema)
  3. Third spacing - abnormal fluid accumulation where it is not easily exchanged with ECF e.g. ascites
23
Q

What is the difference between dehydration and hypovolaemia?

A

Dehydration is a loss of total body water causing hypertonicity whereas hypovolaemia is an abnormally low blood volume

24
Q

What three routes of sodium loss and can cause hypovolaemia?
Bonus for a non-sodium related cause

A

Sodium losses via:
1. GI e.g. vomiting, diarrhoea
2. Skin e.g. excessive sweating or burns
3. Renal e.g. renal disease or diuretics
OR
Haemorrhages

25
Q

What are three medical causes of hypervolaemia?

A
  1. IV therapy
  2. Renal sodium retention in heart failure
  3. Renal sodium retention in renal failure
26
Q

What is the effect on the amount of water in urine of each of the three main hormones involved in maintaining water balance?

A
  1. ADH - reduces loss of water in urine
  2. Aldosterone - reduces loss of water in urine
  3. ANP - increases loss of water in urine
27
Q

By what mechanism does ADH reduce urinary water loss?

A

Promotes insertion of water-channel proteins in collecting ducts of the kidneys to increase water reabsorption in to the blood

28
Q

By what mechanism does aldosterone reduce urinary water loss?

A

Promotes Na⁺ reabsorption in to the blood which leads to greater water reabsorption by osmosis

29
Q

By what mechanism does ANP increase urinary water loss?

A

Promotes increased urinary excretion of Na⁺ which leads to greater water loss by osmosis

Fluid, electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis (2 decks)

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