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POM Molecular Biology of the Cell > Fluid Compartments > Flashcards

Fluid Compartments Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most plentiful cation in the plasma?

A

Sodium

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2
Q

What is plasma when compared to interstitial fluid?

A

Plasma is like IF except plasma has more protein

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3
Q

What is the most plentiful cation inside the cell?

A

Potassium (This is due to Na+/ K+ATPase pumps pumping 2 x K+into the cell for every 3 x Na+ which are pumped out the cell)

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4
Q

Is Cl- found in a higher concentration inside the cell or out?

A

Found in much higher concentration outside the cell (the plasma)

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5
Q

What is the main intracellular anion?

A

Organic Phosphate

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6
Q

What does phosphorylation of proteins do?

A

Key for the activation and inactivation of certain proteins

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7
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

It is defined as a measure of the concentration of all solute particles in a solution.

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8
Q

What is the difference in the osmolarity between the blood and the intracellular compartment?

A

They are identical, so there is not much of an osmotic effect

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9
Q

What is the concentrations of Na+ inside the cell and outside the cell?

A

Outside = 150mmol/L

Inside = 10mmol/L

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10
Q

What is the concentrations of K+ inside the cell and outside the cell?

A

Inside = 150mmol/L

Outside = 5mmol/L

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11
Q

What is the concentration of Cl- inside and outside the cell?

A

Inside = 5mmol/L

Outside = 110mmol/L

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12
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

D​iffusion is the spontaneous movement of a solute down a concentration gradient until the solute molecules reach an equilibrium

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13
Q

Is the inside of the cell more acidic or more alkaline than the plasma?

A

Inside of the cell is more acidic- although the difference in pH is small, since the concentration of H+ ions determines pH and this follows a logarithmic scale, an small increase indicates a 2 fold increase in the concentration of H+ ions

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14
Q

What is an osmole?

A

The number of moles of solute which contribute to the osmotic pressure of a solution

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15
Q

What is the osmolarity of a solution which has a 150 mmol Conc of NaCl, 1 mmol/L conc of CaCl2 and 2mmol/L conc of glucose?

A

150 x 2 ions in NaCL = 300
1 x 3 ions in CaCl2 = 3
2 x 1 compound in glucose = 2

Total = 305

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16
Q

How do you calculate osmoles of 1mol/L of NaCl, and the osmoles of 1mol/L of CaCl2, and the osmoles of 2mol/L of glucose?

A

NaCl= 1 x2= 2
CaCl2= 1 x 3= 3
Glucose= 1x 2= 2

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17
Q

What are the units of osmolarity?

A

milliosmoles/L
mosmol/l

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18
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water down its own concentration gradient.

Osmosis moves water towards an area of higher osmolarity.

It can therefore change cell volume with consequences for cell function and survival.

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19
Q

What is meant by tonicity?

A

The strength of a solution as it affects the final cell volumes - depends on both cell membrane permeability and solution composition

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20
Q

What happens to cells when they are placed in hypertonic solutions?

A

The cell shrinks

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21
Q

What is meant by a hypertonic solution?

A

A hypertonic solution is one where the solute osmolarity outside the cell is much greater than those of inside the cell.

Therefore, there is a low water concentration outside the cell, and hence water will move outside the cell into the solution, resulting in a shrinkage of the cell

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22
Q

What happens when a cel is placed inside a hypotonic solution?

A

The cell swells

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23
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

A solution in which the solute osmolarity is low in the solution. Therefore the concentration of water is higher outside the cell than inside, and so water moves from the outside solution into the cell, resulting in the swelling of the cell

24
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Where the osmolarity of the impermeant solutes outside the cell is the same as those inside the cell, so cell volume is unchanged

25
Q

WHat happens to the cell volume when placed in an isotonic solution?

A

Nothing - stays the same size

26
Q

What happens after equilibrium when a membrane is permeable to both water and solute?

A

no net volume change of cell

27
Q

What happens after equilibrium when a membrane is permeable to water and solute A but not solute B?

A

The cell is swollen

28
Q

What happens after equilibrium when the membrane is permeable to water but impermeable to solute?

A

the cell is swollen and may rupture

29
Q

Why do cells of the body not burst?

A

The cells don’t burst because the Na+K+-ATPase maintains the concentration of Na+ ions much lower inside the cell than outside.

The ATPase makes the membrane “effectively impermeable” to Na+ because any Na+ that diffuses in down the Na+ concentration gradient is actively pumped out again. Thus there is no net movement of Na+ across the membrane.

30
Q

What substances can diffuse across the lipid bilayer?

A

Gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen and other hydrophobic molecules like steroids

31
Q

How does active transport work simply?

A

It uses ATP hydrolysis, against an electrochemical gradient (e.g., Na+K+-ATPase) or is passive, facilitating the flow of molecules down an electrochemical gradient.

32
Q

Why are transplanted organs cooled when transported to their recipient?

A

When any tissue loses its blood supply, ischaemic changes occur, but these can be significantly slowed by rapid cooling of the tissue/organ to +4°C.

33
Q

How are the organs cooled to 4 degrees?

A

They are perfused with cold solutions via the arterial supply

Machine perfusion with university Wisconsin (UW) solution

34
Q

What important pump stops working in transplanted organs below 15 degrees?

A

Na+ / K+ ATPase

35
Q

What is the name of the solution which organs being transplanted are perfused with?

A

University of Wisconsin solution

36
Q

What is UoW solution intended to do?

A

reduce hypothermic cell swelling and enhance preservation.

37
Q

Three/four main factors serve to reduce cell swelling in UW-infused tissues:

A

Lack of Na+ or Cl- (therefore no influx possible).

Presence of extracellular impermeant solutes (lactobionate ions, raffinose).

Presence of a macromolecular colloid (starch)

  • Allupurinol and glutathione also present as antioxidants
38
Q

How much plasma leaks out of blood vessels a day?

A

8L

39
Q

What are ways in which molecules transverse the endothelial cell layer?

A
  1. Lipid soluble substances-pass through epithelial cell
  2. Water soluble substances = pass through tight H2O junctions
  3. Plasma proteins generally cannot get across the epithelial cell membrane
40
Q

Where is there a higher concentration of plasma proteins?

A

Inside the plasma is much higher than that of outside the capillary

41
Q

What is the colloid osmotic pressure?

A

The pulling force of the higher concentration of plasma proteins inside the capillary compared to outside

42
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure of the blood?

A

The pushing force which is generated through the flow of blood through the vessel, pushes molecules through the capillary pores

43
Q

What is the balance between oncotic and hydrostatic pressure in a normal situation?

A

Net leakage due to the hydrostatic pressure being slightly greater than the colloid osmotic pressure

44
Q

What does a leaky capillary lead to?

A

Excess fluid loss from capillary to interstitial space: oedema

hydrostatic pressure» osmotic pressure

45
Q

What can cause a leaky capillary?

A

increased pore size

46
Q

What is an oedema?

A

An accumulation of fluids within tissues

47
Q

What causes an oedema?

A

An imbalance between the hydrostatic pressure being alot greater than the oncotic pressure due to increased pore size, so when blood forces molecules out the capillary pores, many more molecules can pass

48
Q

What are the effects of a leaky capillary?

A

Proteins are lost into the interstitial space due to increased pore size, this reduces the oncotic colloid pressure which means fluids are more rapidly pushed out from the capillary

49
Q

What is the system which combats the issue of capillaries leaking fluid?

A

Lymphatic system collects interstitial fluid that is destined to return to the blood/ collected for redistribution

50
Q

What features of lymphatic capillaries results in the net flow of fluids from tissues into the lymphatic capillaries?

A

L​ymphatic capillaries are blind ended and have a low internal pressure which results into the net flow of fluids from tissues into the lymphatic capillaries.

51
Q

What are the 2 types of oedemas?

A

Inflammatory and hydrostatic

52
Q

What does oedema indicate?

A

Inflammation

53
Q

Why do overweight individuals often have swelling?

A

Individual is likely to have high blood pressure which means increased hydrostatic pressure in vessels - this pushes fluid out of the vessels and can lead to an accumulation of interstitial fluid

54
Q

Why might a breast cancer survivor have swelling of the upper limb on the side of her breast tumour?

A

Breast cancer patients are likely to ave their axillary nodes removed in order to limit the extent of spreading, which can removes the pathway of drainage from the upper limb on the affected side, resulting in the accumulation of fluid

55
Q

What is the primary cause of elephantitis?

A

When parasitic worms block lymphatic vessels which prevents the drainage of lymph

56
Q

When does oedema occur?

A

When the leakage of plasma into the interstitium exceeds the capacity of the lymphatics to collect and return it to the circulation - oedma will result as the fluid accumulates in the interstitial space

POM Molecular Biology of the Cell (15 decks)

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