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Adult Health 1 > Fluid and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

1st Spacing

A

-normal distribution of ICF and ECF

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2
Q

2nd Spacing

A
  • build up of ECF (edema)
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3
Q

3rd Spacing

A
  • build up in part of body that is not easily exchange with ECF
  • Signs- weight gain, less UO, edema
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4
Q

Age concerns with fluids

A
  • structure changes of kidney= cant conserve a lot of water
  • decreased ADH, ANP
  • less subQ = more moisture lost
  • reduced thirst
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5
Q

Hypovolemia

A
  • diarrhea, fistula drainage, hemorrhage, polyuria, plasma to ECF
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6
Q

Hypervolemia

A
  • excessive intake
  • abnormal fluid retention (CHF, renal failure)
  • ECF to plasma
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7
Q

Respiratory Fluid Overload

A
  • dyspnea, cough, crackles
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8
Q

Resp Fluid Deficit

A
  • tachypnea b/c less perfusion
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9
Q

Sodium functions

A
  • Helps maintain ECF concentration
  • Important in generation of nerve impulses
  • Acid-base balance
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10
Q

How is sodium balanced?

A
  • By kidneys, execrating or retaining water

- (ADH) Aldosterone reabsorbs Na

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11
Q

Hypernatremia causes

A
  • water deficiency/ impaired LOC
  • ADH deficiency
  • Osmotic diuresis (increased peeing)
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12
Q

Hypernatremia manifestations

A

-lethargy, agitation, seizures, and coma

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13
Q

Hypernatremia Management

A
  • dilute Na with salt free hypotonic solution

- diuretics to excrete Na

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14
Q

Hyponatremia causes

A
  • diarrhea, vomiting, NG suction, diuretics
  • CHF
  • Excess ADH
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15
Q

Hyponatremia manifestations

A

-confusion, N&S, seizures and coma

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16
Q

Hyponatremia Management

A
  • fluid restriction
  • small amount of IV hypertonic saline (NaCl)
  • if r/t abnormal fluid lose, give NS
17
Q

Potassium functions

A
  • transmission and conduction of nerve impulses
  • Normal cardiac rhythm
  • muscle contraction
  • Acid-base
18
Q

Hyperkalemia causes

A
  • increased intake
  • impaired excretion
  • shift from ICF to ECF (acidosis)
19
Q

Hyperkalemia manifestations

A
  • weak/paralyzed muscles (legs)
  • leg cramps
  • bradycardias/ cardiac stand still
  • Peaked T wave
  • abdominal cramping and diarrhea
20
Q

hyperkalemia management

A
  • stop K intake
  • increase elimination of K
  • force K out of ECF with IV insulin or Na
  • Ca gluconate counteracts cardiac effects
21
Q

hypokalemia causes

A
  • dietary deficiency
  • too much loss
  • diuretics
  • GI losses
  • ECF-> ICF (alkalosis)
22
Q

hypokalemia manifestations

A
  • tachy/bradycardaia
  • makes digoxin more toxic
  • increased U wave
  • skeletal muscle weakness
  • muscle cell breakdown
23
Q

hypokalemia management

A
  • replace

- teach prevention (diet)

24
Q

Calcium functions

A
  • transmission of nerve impulses
  • myocardial contraction
  • blood clotting
  • formation of teeth and bones
  • muscle contraction
25
Q

hypercalcemia causes

A
  • hyperparathyroidism
  • malignancy
  • Vit D overdose
  • prolonged immobilization
26
Q

hypercalcemia manifestations

A
  • bad memory
  • confusion
  • disorientation
  • fatigue
  • constipation
  • kidney stones
27
Q

hypercalcemia management

A
  • excrete Ca with loop diuretic
  • hydrate with isotonic saline
  • synthetic calcitonin
  • mobilization
28
Q

Hypocalcemia causes

A
  • decreased production of PTH
  • acute pancreatitis
  • multiple blood transfusions
  • Alkalosis
  • less intake
29
Q

hypocalcemia manifestations

A
    • trousseaus or Chvostek’s sign
  • laryngeal stridor tetany
  • dysphagia
  • tingling around the mouth or in the extremities
30
Q

hypocalcemia management

A
  • treat cause
  • supps
  • treat pain and anxiety to prevent hyperventilation
31
Q

magnesium functions

A
  • coenzyme in metabolism of protein and carbs
  • factors that regulate Ca influence Mg
  • acts directly on myoneural junction
  • cardiac function
32
Q

hypermagnesemia causes

A
  • increase intake or ingestion with renal insufficiency or failure
33
Q

hypermagnesemia manifestation

A
  • lethargy, drowsiness, N&V, impaired reflexes, somnolence, respiratory and cardiac arrest
34
Q

hypermagnesemia management

A
  • prevention
  • IV CaCl or Ca gluconate
  • fluids to promote excretion
35
Q

hypomagnesemia causes

A
  • prolonged fasting/starving
  • chronic alcoholism
  • fluid loss from GI
  • prolonged parental nutrition
  • diuretics
36
Q

hypomagnesemia manifestations

A
  • confusion
  • hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
  • tremors
  • seizures
  • cardiac dysthymias
37
Q

hypomagnesemia management

A
  • oral supplements

- increased intake

Adult Health 1 (2 decks)

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