Fluid And Electrolytes

Question 0

Hypernatremia

>145 mEq/L

Answer 0

Intense thirst
Dry, sticky mucous membranes
Firm, rubbery skin turgor
Restlessness and weakness
Confusion and hallucinations

Question 1

Sodium

Natremia

Answer 1

136-145 mEq/L

Question 2

Hyponatremia

<135 mEq/L

Answer 2

With water excess; rapid weight gain
Headache, confusion, N/V,
With sodium loss; irritability, apprehension, confusion, tachycardia

Question 3

Potassium

Kalemia

Answer 3

3.5-5.5 mEq/L

Question 4

Hyperkalemia

>5.5 mEq/L

Answer 4

Cardiac- increased HR, then decreased HR, arrhythmias, hypotension
GI- anorexia, N/D
Neuromuscular- muscle weakness, cramps

Question 5

Hypokalemia

<3.5 mEq/L

Answer 5

Fatigue, lethargic, confusion
Arrhythmias, vertigo, hypotension, slow weak pulse, increased risk of digoxin toxicity
Shallow respirations
Fatigue, muscle weakness, cramping

Question 6

Calcium

Answer 6

9.0-10.5 mEq/L

Question 7

Hypercalcemia

>10.5 mEq/L

Answer 7

Irregular HR
abnormal blood clotting
severe muscle weakness
decreased deep tendon reflexes
Altered LOC 
Hypoactive bowel sounds

Question 8

Hypocalcemia

<9.0 mEq/L

Answer 8

Muscle spasms
Trousseau and Chvostek signs
ECG changes
Increased GI activity
Fragile, brittle bones

Question 9

Magnesium

Answer 9

1.3-2.1 mEq/L

Question 10

Hypermagnesemia

>2.1 mEq/L

Answer 10

Decreased HR, LOC, and deep tendon reflexes
Progressive weakness
Respiratory arrest from muscle weakness

Question 11

Hypomagnesemia

<1.3 mEq/L

Answer 11

Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
Muscle spasms
Chvostek and Trousseau signs
Psychosis
Decreased GI motility