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**NUR 180 Exam 1 > Fluid And Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid And Electrolytes Flashcards

0
Q

Normal serum levels for sodium

A

135-145 mEq/L

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1
Q

What are some main causes of hyponatremia?

A

Low-sodium diet, diuretics, excessive sweating. Loss of G.I. fluid, excessive fluid intake

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2
Q

What are some of the main signs and symptoms of hypernatremia?

A

Thirst, elevated body temperature, dry sticky mucous membranes, disorientation, lethargy, seizures, coma

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3
Q

Which electrolyte plays a vital role in processes like the transmission of electric impulses, particularly nerve, heart, skeletal, intestinal, and lung. Also assisting in acid-base balance

A

Potassium K+

Think cardiac rhythm disturbances

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4
Q

What are some of the main causes of hypernatremia?

A

Dehydration, increased intake of salt through diet or excessive IV, renal failure

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5
Q

Always think cardiac with which electrolyte imbalance?

A

Potassium K+

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6
Q

Which electrolyte maintains water balance throughout the body and controls and regulates the volume and distribution of ECF?

A

Sodium Na+

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7
Q

What are some main signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?

A

Anorexia, fatigue, cardiac arrhythmias, increased sensitivity to digitalis, muscle weakness, tender muscles, EKG changes

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8
Q

The following signs and symptoms would indicate which electrolyte imbalance?

Vague muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, G.I. symptoms, paresthesias or tender muscles

A

Hyperkalemia

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9
Q

Important in the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates, important in many vital reactions that involve enzymes, maintains normal levels of potassium

A

Magnesium

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10
Q

The following signs and symptoms would indicate which electrolyte imbalance?

Anorexia, fatigue, cardiac arrhythmias, increased sensitivity to digitalis, muscle weakness, tender muscles, EKG changes

A

Hypokalemia

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11
Q

What are your main sources of sodium?

A

Table salt, cheese, processed foods, snack foods

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12
Q

What are some main causes of hypokalemia?

A

Diarrhea, loss of G.I. fluids, diuretics, steroid use, poor intake

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13
Q

What are the main causes of hypomagnesium?

A

Chronic alcoholism, intestinal malabsorption, diarrhea, NG suctioning, drug therapy

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14
Q

What are your main sources of potassium?

A

Bananas, peaches, oranges, figs, melons, broccoli, potatoes, dried peas and beans, whole grains

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15
Q

What are some main causes of hyperkalemia?

A

High intake, renal failure, shift of potassium out of cells

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17
Q

Most abundant electrolytes in body, 99% found in bones and teeth

A

Calcium

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18
Q

The following signs and symptoms would indicate which electrolyte imbalance?

Thirst, elevated body temperature, dry sticky mucous membranes, disorientation, lethargy, seizures, coma

A

Hypernatremia

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19
Q

Found in intracellular, in heart, bone, nerve, and muscle tissues, second most important anion in ICF

A

Magnesium

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20
Q

Helps maintain electrical activity in nervous and muscle tissue

A

Magnesium

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21
Q

Which electrolyte imbalance has signs and symptoms including anorexia, lethargy, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, confusion, muscle cramps and twitching, seizures

A

Hyponatremia

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21
Q

What signs and symptoms would you see with hyponatremia?

A

Anorexia, lethargy, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, confusion, muscle cramps and twitching, seizures

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22
Q

Chief extracellular anion, found in blood, interstitial fluid/ lymph

A

Chloride

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23
Q

Is necessary for strong bones and teeth, necessary for nerve impulse, and blood clotting, a catalyst for muscle contraction, is needed for B12 absorption

A

Calcium

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25
Q

Acts with sodium to maintain osmotic pressure of the blood. Is essential in the production of hydrochloric acid in gastric juices

A

Chloride

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26
Q

Helps maintain the body’s acid base balance. Necessary for B vitamins to be effective. Helps promote nerve and muscle action. Plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism and bone and teeth formation

A

Phosphate PO4

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27
Q

What are the main signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?

A

Vague muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, G.I. symptoms, paresthesias or tender muscles

28
Q

What are the main causes of hypocalcemia?

A

Dietary deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, malabsorption, hypoparathyroidism, acute pancreatitis

29
Q

What are the main causes of hypophosphatemia?

A

Re-feeding after starvation, hyperalignmentation, alcohol withdrawal, diabetic ketoacidosis, respiratory alkalosis

30
Q

Which electrolyte transmits nerve impulses and promotes muscle contraction?

A

Sodium

31
Q

The following signs and symptoms are indications of what electrolyte imbalance?

Hypotension, flushing of skin, drowsiness, hyperactive reflexes, muscle weakness

A

Hypermagnesium

32
Q

Always think neuro with which electrolyte imbalance?

A

Sodium

33
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?

A

Numbness and tingling of toes and fingers, muscle spasm and cramps, seizures, mental changes, EKG changes

34
Q

What are the main causes of hypercalcemia?

A

Prolonged immobilization, hyperparathyroidism, large doses of vitamin D, overuse of calcium supplements, thiazide diuretics

35
Q

Chief electrolyte of ECF

A

Sodium

36
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypomagnesium?

A

Neuromuscular irritability, increased reflexes, tremors, seizures, cardiac manifestation, tacky arrhythmias, mental changes, hypertension

38
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypophosphatemia?

A

Cardiomyopathy, acute respiratory failure, seizures, joint stiffness, decreased oxygenation

39
Q

Prolonged immobilization, hyperparathyroidism, large doses of vitamin D, overuse of calcium supplements, thiazide diuretics can cause which electrolyte imbalance?

A

Hypercalcemia

40
Q

What are the main causes of hypermagnesium?

A

Renal failure, adrenal insufficiency, excessive administration of magnesium during eclampsia

41
Q

The following signs and symptoms would indicate which electrolyte imbalance?

Cardiomyopathy, acute respiratory failure, seizures, joint stiffness, decreased oxygenation

A

Hypophosphatemia

42
Q

Renal failure, adrenal insufficiency, excessive administration of magnesium during eclampsia can cause which electrolyte imbalance?

A

Hypermagnesium

43
Q

What are the main causes of hyperphosphatemia?

A

Renal failure, chemotherapy, large ingestion of milk, excessive fleets enemas, hyperthyroidism

44
Q

The following signs and symptoms are indications of which electrolyte imbalance?

Muscle weakness, tiredness, lethargy, renal stones, polyuria, polydipsia, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, cardiac arrest, decreased memory

A

Hypercalcemia

45
Q

The following signs and symptoms would indicate which electrolyte imbalance?

Numbness and tingling of toes and fingers, muscle spasm and cramps, seizures, mental changes, EKG changes

A

Hypocalcemia

45
Q

Renal failure, chemotherapy, large ingestion of milk, excessive fleets enemas, hyperthyroidism can cause which electrolyte imbalance?

A

Hyperphosphatemia

45
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?

A

Muscle weakness, tiredness, lethargy, renal stones, polyuria, polydipsia, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, cardiac arrest, decreased memory

46
Q

What are your main sources of calcium?

A

Milk, cheese, dairy products, dried peas and beans, green leafy vegetables, fortified beverages like OJ

47
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypermagnesium?

A

Hypotension, flushing of skin, drowsiness, hyperactive reflexes, muscle weakness

48
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hyperphosphatemia?

A

Tetany, tingling in extremities, long-term calcium deposits in nonosseous sites

49
Q

The following signs and symptoms would indicate which electrolyte imbalance?

Tetany, tingling in extremities, long-term calcium deposits in nonosseous sites

A

Hyperphosphatemia

50
Q

What are your main sources of magnesium?

A

Found in most foods but especially fish, nuts, green leafy vegetables, whole grains, dried peas and beans, chocolate, and cocoa

51
Q

The following signs and symptoms would indicate which electrolyte imbalance?

Neuromuscular irritability, increased reflexes, tremors, seizures, cardiac manifestation, tacky arrhythmias, mental changes, hypertension

A

Hypomagnesium

52
Q

The following signs and symptoms would indicate which electrolyte imbalance?
Anorexia, lethargy, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, confusion, muscle cramps and twitching, seizures

A

Hyponatremia

53
Q

What are the main sources of chloride?

A

Found in foods high in sodium, processed food, dairy products, meat

54
Q

What are the main sources of phosphate?

A

All animal products (meat, poultry, eggs, milk), bread, ready to eat cereal

55
Q

Which electrolyte is regulated by aldosterone and ADH levels, reabsorbed and excreted through the kidneys, with minimal loss through perspiration and feces?

A

Sodium

56
Q

Which electrolyte is regulated by aldosterone, excreted and conserved through the kidneys, lost through vomiting and diarrhea, and loss triggered by many diuretics

A

Potassium

57
Q

Calcium and ______________ levels inversely proportional

A

Phosphorus

58
Q

How is calcium regulated?

A

Combines with phosphorus to form the mineral salts of the teeth and bones, parathyroid hormone stimulates release of calcium from bones and reabsorption from kidneys and intestines, calcitonin blocks bone break down and lowers calcium levels, absorption stimulated by vitamin D

59
Q

Which electrolyte is ingested in the diet and absorbed through the small intestines, excreted by kidneys, loss may be triggered by diuretics, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus and excess alcohol intake

A

Magnesium

60
Q

Which electrolyte is reabsorbed and excreted through the kidneys along with sodium, regulated by aldosterone and ADH levels, and deficits lead to potassium deficits

A

Chloride

61
Q

Which electrolyte maintain acid-base balance by functioning as the primary buffer in the body?

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

62
Q

Which electrolyte is lost through diarrhea, diuretics, renal insufficiency, and excess is possible if person ingests quantities of acid neutralizers

A

Bicarbonate

63
Q

When fluid is deposited into extracellular body spaces that do not normally hold large amounts of fluid but in which fluids can accumulate; fluid is useless because it is not available as reserve fluid or to transport nutrients

A

Third spacing

64
Q

What are some common locations for third space fluid to accumulate?

A 
Tissue spaces (edema)
Abdomen (ascites) 
Pleural spaces (pleural effusion)
Pericardial space (pericardial effusion)
65
Q

Causes of third spacing

A

Injury or inflammation (increases capillary permeability, allowing fluid, electrolytes, and proteins to leak from blood vessels)
Examples: massive trauma, crush injuries, burns, sepsis, cancer, intestinal obstruction, abdominal surgery

Malnutrition or liver dysfunction (prevent liver from producing albumin, that’s lowering capillary oncotic pressure)
Example: starvation, cirrhosis, chronic alcoholism

High vascular hydrostatic pressure (pushes abnormal volumes of fluid from vessels)
Example: heart failure, renal failure, other forms of vascular fluid overload

**NUR 180 Exam 1 (4 decks)

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