Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards
S/s of hypernatremia
Thirst
Confusion
muscle twitching
seizures
coma
Causes of hypernatremia
Dehydration
Diabetes Insipidus
Excessive Na intake
S/s of hyponatremia
N/V
Headache
confusion/lethargy
muscle cramps
seizures
coma
causes of hyponatremia
Excess H2O retention (HF, SIADH,CKD)
adrenal insufficiency
loss of fluid (diuretics, GI loss)
Pathophysiology of hypernatremia
cell dehydration as H2O shifts from IC to EC space
Pathophysiology of hyponatremia
H2O enters the cell and leads to swelling
s/s of hyperkalemia
muscle weakness
arrhythmias
Bradycardia
numbness/tingling
nausea
diarrhea
EKG changes hyperkalemia
Peaked T waves
Widened QRS
Ventricular arrhythmias
S/s of hypokalemia
muscle cramps
hyporeflexia
fatigue
constipation
EKG changes hypokalemia
flattened t waves
U waves
st depression
causes of hyperkalemia
Acidosis
K sparring diuretics
Rhabdomyolysis
burns
Addisons disease
causes of hypokalemia
GI loss
loop diuretics
insulin excess
hypomagnesemia
cushings syndrome
S/s of hypercalcemia
kidney stones
weakness
confusion
arrhythmias
fatigue
s/s of hypocalcemia
Tetany
Muscle cramps
tingling
seizures
arrhythmias
What role does magnesium play in potassium disorders?
deficiency causes cells to lose K+ further worsening hypokalemia
Normal range of K+
3.5-5mEq/dL
Normal range of Na+
135-145
Normal range of Ca+
8.5-10.5 mg/dL
What lab tests indicate dehydration
Increased Na
urine specific gravity >1020
Urine Osmolality
BUN to Cr ratio
What lab tests indicate overhydration
High blood volume
low serum osmolality
low Na levels
Where does ADH (anti diuretic hormone) get released from and where does it act in the body
made in the hypothalamus but released by posterior pituitary gland;
acts on the collecting ducts of the nephron
What is the purpose of ADH?
increases H2O reabsorption by the kidneys in response to dehydration
“if you’ve got the D, no Pee”-Dr Weiss
What is the purpose of Aldosterone
Promotes the absorption of Na and H2O
What is Aldosterone triggered by
low BP, low blood Na, or increased blood K
What is ADH triggered by
high blood osmolarity
Where is Aldosterone released from and where does it act in the body
released from the adrenal cortex; acts on the distal tubules)
Define Osmolality
how much solute or “stuff” is in the serum; measure of concentration/volume
Phosphate is essential for the production of…
ATP
Sodium is vital for ____ and regulated by ____?
fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle fxn
regulated by Aldosterone
K+ is essential for____ and regulated in the ____of the nephron?
muscle and heart fxn
regulated in the distal convoluted tubule
