Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards

(109 cards)

1
Q

what are isotonic fluids

A

same concentration as plasma
cause no fluid shifts
osmotic pressure is the same in and out of cells
cells do not shrink or swell with movement
intravascular dehydration
stays in intravascular compartment
expands intravascular compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is hypotonic fluids

A

has less concentration of particles than plama
water moves out of intravascular compartment into the cells (osmotic pressure)
RBC swell
cellular dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is hypertonic solutions

A

greater concentration than plasma
osmotic pressure shifts fluid from the cells
RBC shrink
intravascular dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does fluid balance consist of

A

fluid intake and absorption
fluid distribution
fluid output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

examples of fluid intake

A

drinking
eating foods
thirst and habit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

movement of fluid among its various compartments equal

A

fluid distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what regulates fluid intake

A

thirst- 2300ml/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are hormonal influences for fluid intake

A

antidiuretic hormone
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
atrial natiuretic peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is insensible loss

A

water loss through the skin and lungs, which is not measurable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is sensible loss

A

water loss through feces, urine, wound drainage, which is measurable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where do fluid output happen

A

kidney, skin, lungs and GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

abnormal fluid output

A

vomiting, wound draining, hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

fluid output influenced by

A

antidiuretic hormone
renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system
atrial natriuretic peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is adrenal cortical regulation

A

hormones released by the adrenal cortex help regulate both water and electrolyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is renal regulation

A

kidney regulate water balance through adjustment in water volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the hypothalmic are

A

thirst receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is pituitary regulation

A

posterior pituitary release ADH which regulates water retention by kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the functions of electrolytes

A
regulate water distribution
muscle contraction
nerve impulse transmission
blood clotting 
regulate enzyme reactions
regulate acid-base balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are electrolytes

A

most enter body from ingested food
substances that when in solution separate into electronically charged particles called ions
can be negatively charged anions
can be positively charged cations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cations include

A

sodium
potassium
calcium
magnesium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

anions

A

chloride
bicarbonate
phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

sodium

A
major catio
abundant in ecf
control water balance
condution of nerve impulses
135-145 mEq/L
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

hyponatremia

A

less than 135mEq/L

results from excess water or loss of Na

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

signs and symptoms of hyponatremia

A
muscle weakness
vomiting
lethargy
confusion
seizures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
treatments of hyponatremia
foods high in Na diuretics 0.9Z%NaCi
26
hypernatremia
greater than 145 mEq/L results from Na excess or water loss water moves out of cells into vascular space-cellular dehydration
27
signs and symptoms of hypernatremia
thirst dry mucous membranes flushed skin
28
treatment of hypernatremia
fluids (hypotonic solution) 0.33% NaCi low Na diet
29
additional signs and symptoms of hypernatremia
``` increased fluid retention restlessness and irritability elevated BP edema decreased urinary output ```
30
potassium
3.5-5.0 mEq/L most abundant in icf major mineral in all body fluids aids in muscle contraction, nerve impulse condution, regulates enzyme activity fruit, banana, oranges, vegetable, and meats
31
hypokalemia
less than 3.5 mEq/L results from loss via GI tract and potassium depleting diuretics life threatening
32
signs and symptoms of hypokalemia
``` muscle weakness leg cramp u wave cramps constipation cardiac dysrhythmias thigoxin irregular weak pulse orthostatic hypotension ```
33
treatment for hypkalemia
``` replace K diet meds add KCL to IV monitor EKG ```
34
hyperkalemia
greater than 5 mEq/L | result from renal failure, excessive intake, trauma, crush injuries, burns
35
sign and symptoms
muscle weakness cardiac changes parathesia of face/finger/tongue
36
treatment of hyperkalemia
insulin IV dialysis
37
what are some K+ deficits
``` alkalosis shallow respirations irritability confusion, drowsiness weakness, fatigue arrhythmias (irregular rate, tachy) lethargy thready pulse drecreased intestinal motility ```
38
calcium
``` 8.5-10.5 99% in teeth and bones needed for nerve transmission, muscle contraction, and blood clotting inverse relationship with phosphate vitamin D needed for Ca absorption ```
39
hypocalcemia
Ca less than 8.5 mEq/L | loops diuretics, parathyroid disorders, renal failures, hypoparathyroidism
40
signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia
``` osteoporesis cardiac dysrhythmias tetany fractures tingling chovstek sign (+) trousseau sign (+) ```
41
hypercalcemia
Ca greater than 10.5 mEq/L | causes multiple fractures, hyperthyroidism, some cancers, TUMS, immobiliztion
42
signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia
muscle weakness, renal calculi, decreased GI motility, cardiac changes, CNS changes
43
chloride
98-106 mEq/L combine with Na to form slats maintains water balance most abundant anion in ECF
44
hypochloremia
less than 98 mEq/L | results from prolonged vomitting and suctioning
45
signs and symptoms of hypochloremia
metabolic alkalosis, nerve excitability, muscle cramps, twitching
46
hyperchloremia
greater than 106 mEq/L | results from excessive intake or loss via kidneys and dehydration
47
signs and symptoms of hyperchloremia
arrhythmias, decreased cardiac output, LOC changes, kussmals respiration
48
phosphate
2.7-4.5 mg/dl | needed for acid-base balance, neuroligical and muscle function, energy transfer and metabolism of carbs/proteins/lipids
49
hypophosphatemia
less than 2.7 mg/dl | results from decreased intestinal absorption and increased excretion
50
signs and symptoms of hypophosphatemia
bone and muscle, pain, mental changes, chest pain, respiration failure
51
hyperphosphatemia
greater than 4.5 mg/dl | results from renal failure, large intake of calcium
52
signs and symptoms of hyperphosphatemia
neuromusculare changes (tetany), EKG changes, parathesia finger tips/mouth
53
what is electrolyte homeostasis
to maintain balance to control by balancing the dietary intake of elctrolytes with the renal excretion and reabsorption of electrolytes
54
daily weights
is the most accurate indicator of water balance
55
hematocrit
increases with dehydration, and decreases with overhydration
56
hematocrit
percentage of cells in 100 ml blood males 42-52% females 37-47%
57
osmolarity
serum and urine osmolarity both increase with dehydration
58
urine specific gravity
1.010-1.025 | increases with dehydration
59
urine PH
4.6-8.0
60
serum sodium
increases with excessive fluid losses | decreases with excessive fluid intake
61
serum albumin
3.5-5.0g/dl helps maintain osmotic pressure cannot pass thru cell membranes
62
peripheral edema
smooth, shiny, pale, cool skin swelling especially in legs weight gain
63
pulmonary edema
constant cough dyspnea moist rales in lungs bounding pulse
64
infiltration
fluid leaked out of vein to surrounding tissue | swellin, coolness, discomfort, pallor, slowed rate, pain , pale to color(blanching skin)
65
phlebitis
swelling, warmth, redess, tenderness, red streak
66
fluid overload
SOB, distended neck veins, elevated BP, crackles in lungs, tachycardia
67
fludi volume deficit
aka hypovolemia dehydration elevated hemaocrit major cause is fluid shift of vascular space hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea, burns, crushing injuries
68
signs and symptoms of hypovolemia
``` increased HR, decreased BP, thirst, decreased motility decreased CNS activity decreased output dry mouth, poor turgor ```
69
fluid volume excess
aka hypervolemia intercellular tissue loss of ecf from vacular to other body compartments
70
fluid volum excess causes
``` increased Na/H2O retention excessive intake of Na/H2O fluid shifting from icf to ecf renal failure congestive heart failure ```
71
signs and symptoms of fluid volume excess
``` anxiety dyspnea crackes tachypnea increased BP distended jugular veins edema third spacing weight gain ```
72
what is the primary body fluid
water
73
what is fluid balance
fluids gained each day= fluids lossed each day | 2.5L/day
74
what maintain proper fluid balance
skin, kidney and lungs
75
what is fluid
water that contains dissilved or suspended substances such as glucose, mineral, salts, and proteins
76
fluid concentration equals
osmolality
77
degree of acidity equal
Ph
78
elderly people
lower percentage of total body fluid than young adults due to higher body fat
79
women
lower percentage total body fluid than men due to higher body fat
80
fat cells
contain less water than muscle cells
81
risk factors for older adults
decreased thirst sensation affects oral intake of fluids increased risk of dehydration decreased in gfr and number of filtering nephrons decrease the ability to maintain normal electrolyte level decreased excretion of meds
82
what is intracellular fluid
fluid insid the cell | 2/3 of total body water
83
what is extracellular fluid
fluid outside the cell | 1/3 ot total body water
84
what is interstitial fluid
around and between cells
85
what is intravascular
plasma fluid in blood vessels
86
what is the total body water volume
40L, 60% body weight
87
what is the fluid volume for intracellular
25L, 40% body weight
88
what is the fluid volume for extracellular
15L, 20% body weight
89
what is the fluid volume for interstitial
12L. 80% of ECF
90
what is the total plasma volume
3L, 20% of ECF
91
what is osmolarlity
the number of particles
92
what is solvent
liquid with a substance in solution
93
what is solute
the substance in the solution
94
what is active transport
movement of ions against osmotic pressure to an area of higher pressure ; requires energy
95
what is diffusion
passive movement of electrolytes or other particles down the concentration gradient from higher to lower concentration
96
what is osmosis
movement of water or other solute from an area of lesser to one of greater concentration
97
what is filtration
movement across a membrane under pressure from higher to lower pressure
98
types of isotonic solutions
dextrise 5% in water 0.9 normal saline lactated ringers
99
types of hypotonic solutions
0. 45% NS | 0. 33% NS
100
types of hypertonic solution
0.45% NS 0.9% NS D 10 W
101
what is body fluids
water and electrolytes
102
what type of client should be monitiored closely
patients that are not eating, drinking or NPO
103
who are high risk population for fluid and electrolytes
infants older adults patient with cardiac and renal problems
104
older adults has less body fluid as there is an
increase in fat cells with aging (muscle cells turn into fat cells)
105
for osmosis to occur a
membrane must separate two fluid compartments- at least one compartment must contain a solute that cannot move thru the membrane- this creates a concentration gradient of the solute
106
because of osmosis
water will move from the compartment with less solute to the are with more soute until an equilbrium exists and pressure is equal on both sides of the membrane
107
what is osmotic pressure
the pull of particles
108
the osmotic pressure and number of particles is what
makes up different types of IV solutions
109
what happens when a patient takes a diuretic
patient loses fluid and electrolytes