Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards
Normal Serum Sodium Levels
136-145 mEq/L
Normal Serum Potassium Levels
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Normal Serum Calcium Levels
9.0-10.5 mEq/L
Normal Serum Magnesium Levels
1.3-2.1 mEq/L
Hyponatremia
<136 mEq/L
Hypernatremia
> 145 mEq/L
Causes of Hyponatremia
GI losses, diuretics, excessive water intake, burns
Causes of Hypernatremia
Increased water loss, Increased ingestion of sodium
Symptoms of Hyponatremia
Muscle cramps and weakness Depressed deep tendon reflexes Nausea and vomiting Headaches Disorientation Lethargy Seizures/coma Nausea and vomiting Abdominal cramps
Symptoms of Hypernatremia
Decreased blood pressure Weak, rapid pulse Increased thirst Headache Disorientation and agitation Seizures (later stages) Dry skin and mucous membrane
Treatment of Hyponatremia
Identify underlying cause
Treatment of Hypernatremia
Identify underlying cause
Hypokalemia
<3.5 mEq/L
Hyperkalemia
> 5.0 mEq/L
Causes of Hypokalemia
Diuretics, GI losses, Extreme sweating
Causes of Hyperkalemia
Renal failure, Diabetic ketoacidosis
Symptoms of Hypokalemia
Cardiac irregularities or EKG changes Confusion depression Increased sensitivity to digitalis Muscle weakness Muscle cramps and tenderness Paraesthesia Decreased GI motility Anorexia, nausea, vomiting Abdominal distention and flatulence
Symptoms of Hyperkalemia
Nausea and vomiting Abdominal cramps Weakness Paresthesias/Numbness and tingling Cardiac irregularities on EKG
Treatment of Hypokalemia
Potassium replacement
Treatment of Hyperkalemia
Calcium administration, insulin, Kayexelate, dialysis
Hypocalcemia
<9.0 mEq/L
Hypercalcemia
> 10.5 mEq/L
Causes of Hypocalcemia
Vitamin D deficiency, Pancreatitis
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hyperparathyroidism, Large doses of Vitamin D
Symptoms of Hypocalcemia
Paresthesias especially numbness and tingling
Tetany
Skeletal muscle cramps
Abdominal muscle spasms and cramps
Positive Chvostek’s sign (twitching of the facial muscles)
Positive Trousseau’s sign (flexion of the wrist, hyperextension of the fingers)
Symptoms of Hypercalcemia
Polyuria Excessive thirst Flank pain Anorexia Lethargy Weakened muscles Hypertension
Treatment of Hypocalcemia
Calcium supplementation
Treatment of Hypercalcemia
identify underlying cause
Hypomagnesemia
<1.3 mEq/L
Hypermagnesemia
> 2.1 mEq/L
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
malnutrition and alcoholism, Diarrhea, NG suction
Causes of Hypermagnesemia
Renal failure
Symptoms of Hypomagnesemia
Personality changes Tetany Tachycardia Hypertension Cardiac arrhythmias
Symptoms of Hypermagnesemia
Lethargy Hyporeflexia Confusion Coma Hypotension Cardiac arrhythmias Cardiac arrest
Treatment of Hypomagnesemia
Magnesium administration
Treatment of Hypermagnesemia
symptomatic
SIADH
Syndrome of Inappropriate Diuretic Hormone;
Serum Na+ - ↓, Serum osmolality- ↓, Extracellular volume-Normal (isovolemic), Urine osmolality and SG ↑ (concentrated urine with osmolality usually > 300 mmol/kg); retaining a lot of fluid
DI
Diabetes Insepidus; Serum Na+ - ↑, Serum osmolality - ↑, Extracellular volume - Normal (isovolemic), Urine osmolality and SG - ↓; fluid lose, lots of urination
Normal Blood Urea Nitrogen levels
5-25 mg/dl
Normal serum creatinine
0.5 to 1.5 mg/dl
