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Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances > Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances Flashcards

1
Q

Are chemicals that conduct electricity when dissolved in water

A

Electrolytes

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2
Q

Carry positive charges

A

Cations

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3
Q

Carry negative charges

A

Anions

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4
Q

The total body water

A

60% body weight

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5
Q

The intracellular water

A

40% body weight

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6
Q

The extracellular water

A

20% body weight

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7
Q

Major ECF electrolyte

A

Sodium

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8
Q

Major ICF electolyte

A

Potassium

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9
Q

The system that includes all fluids enclosed in the cells by their plasma membrane

A

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

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10
Q

Sorrounds all cells in the body

A

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

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11
Q

The fluid component of the blood

A

Plasma

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12
Q

Sorrounds all cells not in the blood

A

Interstitial Fluid

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13
Q

Normal value levels of sodium

A

135-145 mEq/L

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14
Q

Normal value levels of potassium

A

3.5- 5.0 mEq/L

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15
Q

Normal levels of chloride

A

98-106 mEq/L

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16
Q

Normal levels of calcium

A

8.5- 10.5 mEq/L

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17
Q

Normal levels of Phosphate

A

2.5- 4.5 mEq/L

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18
Q

Normal levels of Magnesium

A

1.8- 3.0 mEq/L

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18
Q

Normal levels of Magnesium

A

1.8- 3.0 mEq/L

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19
Q

Movement of water and solutes from an area of higher hydrostatic pressure to an area of lower hydrostatic pressure

A

Filtration

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20
Q

Movement of water from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration

A

Osmosis

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21
Q

Describes the concentration of solutions and measured in milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L)

A

Osmolarity

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22
Q

Measures the solute concentration per kilogram in blood and urine

A

Osmolality

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23
Q

Normal serum level

A

275-290 mOsm/kg water

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24
Q

Normal urine level

A

200-800 mOsm/kg water

25
Q

Measures the ability of the kidneys to excrete or conserve water and compares urine with the weight of distilled water (1.000)

A

Urine Specific Gravity

26
Q

Normal level of Urine Specific Gravity

A

1.010 to 1.025

27
Q

Indicator of renal function

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen

28
Q

The normal level of Blood Urea Nitrogen

A

10-20 mg/dl

29
Q

A more reliable indicator of renal function than BUN

A

Serum Creatine

30
Q

Normal level of Serum Creatinine

A

0.6 - 1.2 mg/dl

31
Q

Measures the volume percentage of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in whole blood

A

Hematocrit

32
Q

Normal Hematocrit in Men

A

42% to 52%

33
Q

Normal Hematocrit in Women

A

35% to 47%

34
Q

Is an efficient and effective way of supplying fluids directly into the intravascular fluid compartment, in replacing electrolyte losses, and in administering medications and blood products

A

IV fluid therapy

35
Q

are supplemental fluids used in intravenous therapy to restore or maintain normal fluid volume and electrolyte balance when the oral route is not possible

A

Intravenous Fluids

36
Q

Have a total osmolality close to that of the ECF; Have no effect on cells; Expand the ECF volume

A

Isotonic Solutions

37
Q

Have a lower concentration than plasma; causes cells to swell; provides free water for excretion of body wastes

A

Hypotonic Solutions

38
Q

Have a higher concentration than the plasma and causes cells to shrink

A

Hypertonic Solutions

39
Q

Plain Normal Saline Solution (PNSS) or 0.9% NACI

A

-Contains sodium and chloride
-Solution of choice for expanding ECF
-ONLY solution of compatible with blood transfusion
-Contraindicated to renal patients, heart failure, and pulmonary edema

40
Q

Lactated Ringer’s (LR or PLR)

A

-Contains potassium and calcium in addition to sodium and chloride
-Used to correct dehydration, sodium depletion, and replaces GI losses
-Contains bicarbonate precursors

41
Q

Used for replacing water in patients who have hypovolemia with hypernatremia

A

0.45% NSS (Half-strength Saline)

42
Q

Used to allow kidneys to retain the needed amounts of water

A

0.33% NSS

43
Q

Characteristics of slightly hypertonic

A

-D5NSS
-D5LR

44
Q

Characteristics of strong hypertonic

A

-D10W- for ketosis of starvation
-D50W- for severe hypoglycemia

45
Q

Occurs when loss of ECF volume exceeds the intake of fluid

A

Hypovolemia

46
Q

It occurs when water and electrolytes are lost in the same proportion as they exist in normal body fluids

A

Hypovolemia

47
Q

Loss of water ONLY

A

Dehydration

48
Q

Hypovolemia causes if abnormal fluid loss

A

-Vomiting
-Diarrhea
-GI suctioning
-Profuse diaphoresis

49
Q

Hypovolemia causes decreased intake

A

-Nausea
-Lack of access to fluids

50
Q

Hypovolemia causes third spacing

A

-Edema in burns
-Ascites in liver dysfunction

51
Q

Hypovolemia Clinical Manifestations

A

“FEWCHART”

F-Flat neck veins
E- Eyes sunken
W- Weight loss
C- Concentrated urine (SG > 1.025, oliguria)
H- Hypotension
A- Anxiety
R- Rapid, weak pulse; Respirations increased
T- Temperature elevated

52
Q

Medical Management of Hypovolemia

A

-Fluid replacement therapy
-Mild-moderate
If mild to moderate increase oral fluids and oral rehydration salts

-If severe
IV therapy
-If with hypotension, give isotonic fluid
- Once normotensive, give hypotonic fluids

-Antidiarrheals, if with diarrhea
-Loperamide (Diatabs)

-Antiemetics, if with nausea/ vomiting
-Metoclopramide (Plasil)

53
Q

Hypovolemia Nursing Management

A

-Monitor I&O and daily weights, as ordered
-Monitor vital signs; Watch out for hypotension and tachycardia
-Monitor skin and tongue turgor
-Encourage small, frequent sip of oral fluids; consider likes and dislikes of patient
-Regulate IV fluid to prescribed rate
-Administer medications, as prescribed

54
Q

-Refers to an isotonic expansion of the ECF caused by the abnormal retention of water and sodium in approximately the same proportions in which they normally exist in the ECF
-Fluid overload

A

Hypervolemia

55
Q

Hypervolemia causes

A

-Heart failure
- Kidney injury
- Liver cirrhosis
- Excessive salt intake
- Excessive administration of sodium-containing fluids in patients with impaired regulatory mechanisms

56
Q

Hypervolemia Clinical Manifestations

A

-Edema
-Distended neck veins
- Puffy eyelids
- Crackles
- Weight gain
- Hypertension
- Bounding pulse
- Tachypnea, dyspnea
- Increased urine output; dilute urine

57
Q

Hypervolemia medical management

A
  • Low sodium diet (mild restriction to as low as 250 mg/day)
    -Diuretics
    Thiazide Diuretics- mild to moderate hypervolemia
    Loop Diuretics- severe hypovolemia
    -Potassium supplementation, to prevent hypokalemia while on diuretics
  • Dialysis for severe renal impairment
58
Q

Hypervolemia Nursing Management

A
  • Monitor I&O as ordered
    -Weigh daily, watch out for rapid weight gain (1kg= 1L of fluid)
    -Monitor breath sounds, especially if with IV therapy
    -Monitor for the presence of edema
  • Encourage bed rest
  • Regulate IVF as prescribed
    -Place on semi-fowlers position if with dyspnea
    -Reposition at regular intervals to prevent pressure ulcers
    -Emphasize need to read food labels
    -Instruct to avoid food high in sodium.
59
Q

Hypervolemia patient experiences dyspnea

A

Place the patient on a semi-fowlers position

Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances (1 decks)

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