Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Question 1

Intracellular water

Answer 1

• 2/3 of body fluid
• High in K (95% ICF)
• Low in Na+ and Cl-

Question 2

Extracellular

Answer 2

• 1/3 of body fluids

- High in Na+

Question 3

Extracellular Water purposes

Answer 3

• Plasma = intravascular water
• interstitial fluid = water around the cells
• Water in GI and urinary tracts
• Humor of eye
• CSF

Question 4

Liters/Quarts of water for basic physiologic function?

Answer 4

2.5 liters/2.7 quarts

Question 5

Where do we get our water?

Answer 5

• Liquids consumed
• Water from foods
• Metabolic water: breaking down carbs (glycolysis; 25% of daily)

Question 6

5 Electrolytes in fluids

Answer 6

• sodium
• chloride
• potassium
• calcium
• magnesium

Question 7

Osmotic pressure

Answer 7

the force necessary to oppose osmosis of water into a solution across a semipermeable membrane. A passive process. ATP not required.

Question 8

Osmolarity

Answer 8

• total number of solute particles (moles) per unit volume

- higher # of Na = high osmolarity = higher osmotic pressure

Question 9

Osmolality

Answer 9

• Number of particles per kilogram of water
  1 L = 1 kg
• used to measure amount of particles in various sports drinks

Question 10

Sodium

Answer 10

• primary determinant of blood volume
  High sodium = water retention = hypertension
  w/o sodium body cant cool down = no sweating = body over heating = stroke, exhaustion, and dehydration
• High sodium = glycosides production by brain and adrenal = BV SM contraction = increase blood pressure

Question 11

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)

Answer 11

• a diuretic high blood pressure medicine. treats water retention.
• increases salt and water removed from blood to be excreted through urine

Question 12

gastric emptying (GE) & intestinal absorption

Answer 12

• water and nutrients absorbed by small intestines, not stomach
  Factors influencing gastric emptying:
• gastric volume, >volume = > GE & Fluid temp.
• osmolality, > osmolality = < GE
• carb concentration and type, > carb = < GE
• Exercise intensity, > intensity = < GE

Question 13

hypohydration

Answer 13

• reduction of body water as the body goes from euhydration to a dehydrated state
• 1-2% affects performance
• 3% increases risk of heat illness

Question 14

hyponatremia

Answer 14

• water intoxication, result of drink excessive amounts of plain water which causes a low concentration of sodium in the blood

Question 15

Exertional Heat Cramp

Answer 15

Cause: strenuous exercise, high sweat loss, dehydration, neuromuscular fatigue
Treatment: stop activity, drink fluid with Na, mild stretching/massage, IV fluids

Question 16

Heat syncope

Answer 16

-orthostatic dizziness from exercise in heat
Causes: periph dilation, blood pooling, < venous return, dehydration, < Q, cerebral ischemia
S&S: tunnel vision, pale or sweaty skin, < PR, but normal rectal temp
Management: move to shaded area, monitor vitals, elevate legs, hydrate

Question 17

heat exhaustion

Answer 17

• inability to continue exercise with any combination of heavy seating, dehydration, sodium loss, and energy depletion
  Management: elevated core temp = remove clothing, cool with fans, or ice towels, rehydrate, monitor vitals, possible ems.