fluid and electrolyte

Question 1

active transport

Answer 1

metabolic energy is expended, movement from less concentrated solution to more concentrated one.

Question 2

anion

Answer 2

Negatively charged ion

Question 3

body surface area

Answer 3

is proportionately greater than that of adults, increasing insensible fluid losses. the greater the BSA, the greater the risk when burned. new born 75% total body water
ECF 45%
ICF 30%
infant 65% total body water
ECF 25%
ICF 30-40%
child/adolescent 50% total body water
ECF 10-15%
ICF 40%

Question 4

cation

Answer 4

positively charged ion

Question 5

colloid

Answer 5

substances such as large protein molecules that do not readily dissolve into true solutions.

Question 6

colloid osmotic pressure/oncotic pressure

Answer 6

pulling water from the interstitial space into the vascular compartment. important mechanism in maintaining vascular volume.

Question 7

crystalloid

Answer 7

salts that dissolve readily into true solutions

Question 8

dehydration

Answer 8

a condition that occurs when a body does not take in as much water as it loses or lacks sufficient reserves to maintain proper function.

Question 9

diffusion

Answer 9

passive movement of electrolytes or other particles down the concentration gradient (from higher to lower concentration)

Question 10

edema

Answer 10

occur when the body has excess fluid. swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in body tissues.

Question 11

electrolyte

Answer 11

charged ions capable of conducting electricity , in various concentrations and combinations.

Question 12

extracellular fluid (ECF)

Answer 12

found outside the cells and accounts for about 1/3 of total body fluid

Question 13

filtration

Answer 13

movement across a membrane, under pressure from a higher to lower pressure

Question 14

fluid volume deficit

Answer 14

output substantially exceeds intake

Question 15

fluid volume excess

Answer 15

intake substantially exceeds output

Question 16

hematocrit

Answer 16

measures the volume (percentage) of whole blood that is composed of RBC’s. is a measure of the volume of cells in relation to plasma, it is affected by changes in pasta volume. hematocrit increases with severe dehydration and decreases with severe over- hydration.

Question 17

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 17

the major force that pushes water out of the vascular system at the capillary level and into interstitial fluid

Question 18

hyperkalemia

Answer 18

elevated potassium levels, ultimately corrected by dialysis, but treatments such as administration of glucose and insulin can help to drive potassium back into the cell where elevated levels will crate less risk.

Question 19

hypernatremia

Answer 19

sodium excess/reduced production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/ corrected by admin of ADH

Question 20

hypertonic

Answer 20

solutions have a higher osmolality than body fluids: 3% sodium chloride is a hypertonic solution

Question 21

hypodermoclysis

Answer 21

fluid admin subcutaneously/when fluid by IV is problematic/especially OA

Question 22

hypokalemia

Answer 22

deficit in potassium / side effects of diuretics.

Question 23

hyponatremia

Answer 23

deficit in sodium/ treated with oral supplementation or IV supplementation may be admin.

Question 24

hypotonic

Answer 24

solutions such as one-half normal saline (0.45% sodium chloride) lower osmolality than body fluids.

Question 25

insensible fluid loss

Answer 25

occurs through the skin and lungs. not noticeable and cannot be measured
skin- 2 ways/water lost through diffusion and perspiration (lost noticeable not measurable)
diffusion water loss 300-400 mL per /day. can be increased in the protective layer of skin is lost.
perspiration varies on factors; environmental temp, and metabolic activity.
fever and exercise increase metabolic activity and heat production, increasing fluid losses through skin.

Question 26

interstitial fluid

Answer 26

surrounds the cells, 75% of the ECF

Question 27

intracellular fluid (ICF)

Answer 27

found within the cells of the body

Question 28

intravascular fluid

Answer 28

plasma,, accounts for approx 20% of the ECF

Question 29

ions

Answer 29

charged particles

Question 30

isotonic

Answer 30

has the same osmolality as body fluids

Question 31

milliequivalent

Answer 31

refers to the chemical combining power of the ion, or the capacity of cations to combine with anions to form molecules. combining activity is measured in relation to combining activity of the hydrogen ion (H+)
1 mEq of any anion equals 1 mEq of any cation.

Question 32

obligatory losses

Answer 32

fluid losses are required to maintain normal body function. adult excrete 500mL through kidneys each day to eliminate metabolic waste products from the body.

Question 33

oncotic pressure

Answer 33

pulling water from the interstitial space into the vascular compartment. important mechanism in maintaining vascular volume. AKA- colloid osmotic pressure

Question 34

osmolality

Answer 34

concentration os solutes in body fluids. determined by the total solute concentration within a fluid compartment and is measured as parts of south per kilogram of water.
reported as milliosmols per kilogram (mOsm-/kg) sodium being the greatest with glucose and urea also contribution.
potassium, glucose and urea primary contributors ICF

Question 35

osmosis

Answer 35

movement of water from an area of lesser to one of greater concentration through a semi-permeable membrane

Question 36

osmotic pressure

Answer 36

the power of a solution to draw water across a semipermeable membrane.
an inward-pulling force caused by particles in the interstitial and intracellular fluids

Question 37

saline

Answer 37

normal saline, o.9% sodium chloride, isotonic solution.

Question 38

solvent

Answer 38

component of a solution that can dissolve a solute. ex: sugar added to coffee

Question 39

tonicity

Answer 39

used to refer to the osmolality of a solution.

Question 40

transcellular fluid

Answer 40

component of ECF; cerebrospinal, pericardial, pancreatic, pleural, intraocular, biliary, peritoneal,, and synovial fluids.

Question 41

ADH

Answer 41

regulates water excretion from the kidney, synthesized in the anterior portion of the hypothalamus and acts on the collecting ducts of the nephrons. serum osmolality rises, ADH is produced.

Question 42

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Answer 42

specialized receptors in the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney nephrons respond to changes in renal perfusion which initiates the RAAS.