Fluid And Electrolyte

Question 1

Urine specific gravity

Answer 1

1.003-1.030

Question 2

CATIONS

Answer 2

Na+
K+
Ca+
Mg+

Question 3

ANIONS

Answer 3

Cl-
HCO3-
SO4-
HPO4-

Question 4

Passive transport processes

Answer 4

No cellular energy required
Diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration

Question 5

Diffusion

Answer 5

Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration into lower concentration

Drop of ink in glass of water

Question 6

Osmosis

Answer 6

Movement of water from lower concentration to higher concentration (to dilute and make equal)

Question 7

Hypertonic solution

Answer 7

Solution of high concentration of osmotic pressure
Pull fluid from the cell causing shrinkage
(Fluid is from low concentration to high
Used to correct fluid overload
Hyper-shrink

Question 8

Hypotonic solution

Answer 8

Lower concentration of osmotic pressure
Fluid will move into the cells, causing them to enlarge or swell up
Used to correct dehydration or fluid volume deficit
Hypo-swell (big “O”)

Question 9

Isotonic solution

Answer 9

A solution of same osmotic pressure
Expands body’s fluid without causing fluid shift
ISO - SAME

Question 10

Filtration

Answer 10

The transfer of water and dissolved substances from high pressure to an area of low pressure
Force behind filtration is called hydrostatic pressure
Pumping heart is responsible for amount of force of the hydrostatic pressure

Question 11

Active transport process

Answer 11

Cellular energy is required to move substances
Possible with aid of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) found in the mitochondria of the cell
Force that moves molecules into the cells without regard for their positive or negative charge and against concentration factors that would prevent entry
Moves F&E from low concentration to highly concentration
Substances actively transported through the cell membrane through sodium, potassium , calcium, magnesium

Question 12

Potassium

Answer 12

3.5- 5.1 mEq/L

Question 13

Sodium

Answer 13

135-145 mEq/L

Question 14

Calcium

Answer 14

8. 6-10 mg/dL

4. 5 mEq/L

Question 15

Magnesium

Answer 15

1. 6-2.6 mg/dL

1. 5-2.4 mEq/L

Question 16

Chloride

Answer 16

96-105 mEQ/L

Question 17

Phosphorus

Answer 17

2.7- 4.5 mg/dL

4 mEq/L

Question 18

PCO2

Answer 18

35-45 mm Hg

Question 19

HCO3-

Answer 19

22-27 mEq/L

Question 20

PO2

Answer 20

80-100 mm Hg

Question 21

Bicarbonate

Answer 21

22-24 mEq/L

Question 22

Bicarbonate buffer system

Answer 22

Production regulates by the kidneys

Question 23

Carbonic acid

Answer 23

Assisted by lungs by regulating carbonic acid production

Combing carbon dioxide and water

Question 24

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 24

Caused by any condition that impairs normal ventilation

As pH falls, PCO2 level increases

Shallow respirations result bc of retained carbon dioxide

Question 25

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 25

Cause by hyperventilation

Loss of carbon dioxide result in lowered carbon acid level in blood

pH rises bc of decrease in carbon acid which is blown off with each exhalation

Question 26

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 26

Result of retaining too many acids or losing too many bases
Diarrhea
Effect of metabolic acidosis is hyperventilation

Question 27

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 27

Result when a significant amount of acid is lost from body or increase in the bicarbonate level occurs
Causes are vomiting gastric content and gastric suction
Depresses the central nervous system; respiratory rate is decreased thus decreased amount of carbon dioxide engaged and raising level of plasma CO2

Question 28

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Leads to what output?

Answer 28

125 ml/min or 180L/ day

Leads to output of 1-2 L of urine per day