Flowering Plants Flashcards
Root
Anchor and support the plant in the soil. Take in (or absorb) water and minerals. Some plants (e.g. yams) store food in their roots.
Stem
Support and hold up leaves and flowers. Transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and also transport food from the leaves to the roots. Some stems store food (e.g. potatoes).
Leaves
Make food in a process called photosynthesis. Allow gases and water vapour to pass in and out. Some leaves store food (e.g. lettuce and cabbage).
Flowers
The function of a flower is to produce seeds so that the plant can reproduce.
Fruit
Protects seeds. Provides food for seeds.
The Bud
Allows new leaves and flowers to grow.
Xylem
The xylem transports water and minerals up the plant.
Phloem
Transports food from the leaves.
Transpiration
Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from the stomata of the leaves. Supplies water to the leaves from photosynthesis. Helps to cool plants down (in the same was sweating helps cool the human body).
Stomata
The stomata are little holes on the underside of the leaves.
Transpiration Stream
The flow of water from the roots, up through the plant, and out the leaves is called the transpiration stream.
Factors that increase rate of transpiration
Sunlight, wind, soil, water and low humidity.
Photosynthesis
The process where green plants make food using light energy.
Why are leaves and plants green ?
They contain chlorophyll which is a green chemical need for photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll
Found in chloroplasts in plant cells.
What part of the plant contains the most chlorophyll ?
The leaves and any green part of the plant have chlorophyll.
Photosynthesis word equation
Carbon dioxide + water (+sunlight and chlorophyll) —> glucose + oxygen.
Factors Needed: Carbon dioxide
Passes into leaves through Stomata (found on the under side of a leaf).
Factors needed: Water
From soil, enters through roots.
Factors needed: Light
From the sun. Absorbed by leaves due to their large flat surfaces. Provides energy needed to form food.
Factors needed: Chlorophyll
Made by plants. It is a green pigment. Mostly found in the leaves. Absorbs light and allows photosynthesis to take place.
Products: Glucose
Food made by plant to provide energy in respiration, to for starch in parts of the plant and to form cellulose.
Products: Oxygen
Gas made by photosynthesis. Used for respiration to provide energy in the leaf. Released from the leaf into the air.
Plant responses: Tropism
The change in growth of a plant in response to an outside stimulus.
Plant Responses: Phototropism
The way in which a plant changes growth in response to light.
Plant responses: Geotropism
The way in which a plant changes growth in response to gravity.
Respiration
The controlled release of energy from food.
Aerobic respiration
Require oxygen
Anaerobic
Does not require oxygen
Factors of Respiration
- Glucose comes from the food we eat.
- Oxygen is removed from the air we breathe.
Products of Respiration
- We breathe out carbon dioxide & water vapour.
- We use the energy throughout our day: walking, talking, thinking etc.
Anaerobic respiration in human muscles
Produces lactic acid, which causes our muscles to cramp.
Fermentation (anaerobic respiration by microbes)
Produces fermented foods. The most common of these is in beer making, where alcohol has been produced from yeast feeding on glucose. Other fermented foods are sourdough breads, yoghurts and sauerkraut, which due to their height levels of ‘good’ bacteria, are really good for our guts.
The Petal
Petals are used to attract insects into the flower; they may have guidelines on them and be scented.
The Sepal
- The flower is protected while it is in bud by the sepals, these may be coloured green or have the colour of the petals.
- They are often brightly coloured to attract the insects.
The Stamen
The stamen produces the male gamete (male sex cell) for fertilisation.
The Carpel
The carpel produces the female gamete (female sex cell) for fertilisation).
Pollination
Is the transfer of pollen grains from an anther (male part) to a stigma (female part).
Insects pollination
Insects who visit the flower in order to obtain pollen or nectar as food:the instects rub against the sticky stigma and so the pollen (which was gathered from the stamen of one plant) can end up on the carpel of another plant.
Wind pollination
Which blows the pollen from one flower to another.
Self- pollination
Occurs when the male and female parts of the flower are ripe at the same time and when the pollen can fall onto the sticky stigma.
Fertilisation
Fertilisation is the union of a nucleus of the pollen grain with the nucleus of the egg.
Fruit & Seed development
After fertilisation the egg develops into a seed. The parent plant provides the food for the growth.
Seed
The seed is provided with energy and raw materials to enable it to become established after dispersal, provided the environment is suitable.
Testa
The tough outer covering.
Radicle
The part growing down out of the seed (grows to form the root; think R’ for Radicle, ‘R’ for Root).
Plumule
The part growing up (this grows to form the shoot).
Food Supply for Seed
The inside of the seed consists of stores of food.
How are dandelions dispersed ?
Wind
How are strawberries dispersed ?
Insects
How are peas dispersed ?
Self- they pop or ‘explode’
Germination
The resumption of growth after a period of dormancy
Germination process
- The food reserves in the seed are used to allow the root grow down and then shoot to grow up.
- The roots then absorb water and minerals and the leaves carry out photosynthesis.
What is necessary for germination ?
Moisture, oxygen and heat
Asexual reproduction
Involves the formation of new individuals from the cell(s) of a single parent.
Examples of plants that reproduce asexually
Grass, strawberries, daffodils, onions and potatoes.
