Flow and filtration Flashcards
What percentage of the cardiac output goes to the kidney? Why? What else contributes to this?
Receives 20-25% - in order to generate the high pressure needed for ultrafiltration. Achieved also with direct aortic branching.
What is glomerular filtration?
Formation of an ULTRAFILTRATE in glomerulus.
What proportion of plasma is generally filtered in glomerular filtration?
20%. While 80% is retained in the plasma.
How is the glomerular filtrate produced?
Passive process – as fluid is driven through semi-permeable walls of glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule by (very high) cardiac hydrostatic pressure. Capillary walls (which are fenestrated) = highly permeable to fluids and small solutes, but not cells; proteins and drugs are carried by proteins. Filtration barrier = fenestrated CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIUM, modified BASAL MEMBRANE and PODOCYTES found outside the capillaries with feet that interdigitate.
How does the afferent and efferent glomerulus arterioles differ?
Afferent is much larger in diameter. This helps with maintaining pressure in the glomerulus, so keeping gradient high enough for ultrafiltration. NOTE, the afferent arteriole emerges from above, and the efferent leaves below. [PHOTO 2].
What is primary urine?
Clear ultrafiltrate fluid free from blood and proteins.
What is the renal corpuscle?
Made up of the Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus and podocytes.
How is the body’s level of excretion through the kidneys calculated?
Amount FILTERED + amount SECRETED – amount ABSORBED.
What is the glomerular filtration rate?
Amount of fluid filtered from the glomeruli into the Bowman’s capsule per unit time (ml/min) – sum of rate of all functioning nephrons.
What is Pgc, Pt and πgc?
Pgc = hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries. Pt = hydrostatic pressure in tubules. Other one = osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
What is the normal value for GFR?
120 ml min-1 per 1.73m^2. 1.73m^2 is a typical value for the body surface area of an adult.
What happens to GFR with age?
Decreases about 10 ml min-1 per decade after 40.
What is the filtration fraction?
Ratio of renal plasma flow to amount of filtrate filtered by the glomeruli.
What is the normal value for filtration fraction?
0.2.
What is meant by ‘freely filtered’?
Concentration in the glomerular filtrate is the same as in the plasma.