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Structure > Floors > Flashcards

Floors Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scope of inspection for floors?

A
  • Sills
  • Columns
  • Beams
  • Joists
  • Subfloors
  • Inspect above & below floors
  • Probing exposed wood members
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2
Q

What are the 5 components of a floor system?

A
  1. Sills
  2. Columns
  3. Beams
  4. Joists
  5. Subflooring
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3
Q

What is the function of the floor system?

A
  • Transfer live & dead loads to the:
    • Foundation
    • Footings
    • Soil
  • Provide lateral support for foundation walls
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4
Q

What is the function of the sill?

A

To connect the top of the foundation to the wood floor system above

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5
Q

Why should the sill be above grade?

A

To prevent rot

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6
Q

What are the functions of the sill gasket?

A
  • Separate the sill from the concrete
  • Stop air leakage
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7
Q

What is a mud sill?

A

Beam laid directly onto the ground

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8
Q

What is the maximum allowable deflection for floors?

A

The lessor of:
- 1/360th of the length of the joist
- ½ inch
Floors w/ no drywall:
- 1/240th

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9
Q

Where are dead loads most experienced?

A

The centre of the house

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10
Q

What are 4 best practices when it comes to nailing?

A
  1. Nails should have half its length through the 2nd piece of material
  2. Should not split wood when driven
  3. To prevent splitting, stagger nails along the length of wood
  4. Not ideal to use nails when they’ll be under tension
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11
Q

What is the function of columns?

A

Transfer loads from beams down through footings into the soil

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12
Q

What are the 5 column materials?

A
  1. Concrete
  2. Concrete block
  3. Brick
  4. Steel
  5. Wood
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13
Q

What are 3 methods columns can be fastened to steel beams?

A
  1. Bolts
  2. Welding
  3. Bendable tabs
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14
Q

What causes settlement of columns?

A
  • No footing
  • Undersized footing
  • Poor soil conditions under footing
  • Larger load than intended
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15
Q

If you see columns installed after original construction, what should you consider?

A
  • Is there a footing?
  • How is the column secured to the floor?
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16
Q

Is it more common to see columns poorly secured at the top or bottom?

A

top

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17
Q

At what % should spalling of concrete or brick be evaluated further?

A

> 10%

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18
Q

What type of temporary column can be used permanently in Canada?

A

Single or telescopic steel columns with a CCMC label

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19
Q

What materials can beams be made of?

A
  • wood
  • steel
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20
Q

What are the 4 types of engineered wood?

A
  1. Lamindated (glulam)
  2. Laminated veneer lumber (lvl)
  3. Laminated stranded lumber (lsl)
  4. Parallel strand lumber (psl)
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21
Q

What is the function of beams?

A

Carry the floor, wall, roof loads to the columns or foundation wall

22
Q

Are beams better under compression or tension?

A

Under compression

23
Q

Can notches be cut into beams?

A

No; may lead to structural failure
- Notches cut at the bottom more likely to lead to structural failure

24
Q

What are the 3 ways joists can be affixed to beams?

A
  1. Rest directly onto beams
  2. Fastened to the sides
  3. Supported on the bottom flange (steel beams)
25
Q

What are 3 important requirements for beams?

A
  1. End bearings require 3 ½ inches on each support point
  2. Bearing should be the full width of the beam
  3. Beams should be atleast 12 inches above soil in earth-floor crawlspaces
26
Q

Where is rust most common on beams?

A

Common in the pocket of the exterior wall

27
Q

What are the causes of sagging beams?

A
  • overspanned
  • undersized
28
Q

How much air space is required in the pocket of exterior walls?

A

1/2 inch

29
Q

For masonry walls, what is required for beam support?

A
  • Beams should rest on 7 ½ inches of solid masonry
  • Should not rest on concrete blocks
30
Q

What are checks?

A

split wood due to drying (Serious if you can see through crack)

31
Q

What is the function of joists?

A

Same as beams

32
Q

What clearance from soil for joists is required in earth-floor crawl spaces?

A

18 inches min.

33
Q

What are the different joist & truss types?

A

Solid wood
Wood truss
Wood “I”
Plywood
Metal truss
Laminated truss
Laminated veneer
Parallel strand

34
Q

How do joists support masonry walls?

A

Secured with steel straps

35
Q

What are fire-cut joists?

A
  • Used on solid masonry walls
  • Joist is tapered; bottom is longer than top by 2 inches
  • Purpose: prevent walls from toppling
36
Q

Why should joists be laid crown-up?

A

Reduces deflection of house floors

37
Q

What is the purpose of rim joists?

A
  • Secure joist ends
  • act as support for walls & floors
  • provide a nailing surface
38
Q

What are the functions of bridging, blocking, strapping?

A
  • Transfer loads from one joist to an adjacent joist
  • Damping vibration
  • Prevent twisting or rotating
39
Q

What is the difference b/w sagging vs sloping?

A

Sag = midpoint low spot

Slope = low spot on one end
- More serious

40
Q

What is the teeter-totter effect?

A
  • Bouncing on one end of a joist places upward force on the rest of the joist
  • May find humps indoors
41
Q

What are the general span rules for joists spaced 16 inches from centre?

A

2x6 = 9 feet

2x8 = 11 ½

2x10 = 14

2x12 = 16

42
Q

What are the general span rules for joists spaced 12 inches from centre?

A

2x6 = 10

2x8 = 13

2x10 = 16

2x12 = 18 ¾

43
Q

What are two methods to improve load sharing among joists?

A
  1. Sister joists
  2. Bridging, blocking, strapping
44
Q

How much joist overlap is allowed before it causes deflection?

A

3 - 12 inches

45
Q

How far can cantilevered joists extend?

A

16 - 24 inches

46
Q

When should joists be doubled?

A

when a partition wall runs in parallel below the joist

47
Q

What are the materials for subfloors?

A
  • Wood planks
  • Plywood
  • Waferboard
  • OSB
48
Q

What is the function of subfloors?

A

Same as joists & beams

49
Q

What is the difference b/w pre-stressed & post tensioned concrete floors?

A

Pre-stressed: uses steel cables under tension

Post tensioned:
- Uses steel cables in a sheathing
- Concrete is poured around cables when they are relaxed
- As concrete cures, cables are pulled tight
- This puts concrete under compression

50
Q

When should blocking be provided on subfloors?

A

on cantilevered or unsupported walls

51
Q

What are the causes of cracks in concrete floors?

A
  • Shrinkage
  • Settling
  • Heaving
52
Q

What are the causes of concrete floors to settle?

A
  • Inadequate support from foundations & footings
  • Compacting or eroding soil below
  • Overloading from above

Structure (2 decks)

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